BrainCenterFEC FT BG

Basal Ganglia

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This page covers biological details of component group Basal Ganglia. Component group is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

• Top-down path to center: Forebrain Telencephalon -> Basal Ganglia (FEC.FT.BG) (see Mind Maps)
• Function:

(generated)

Components

(generated)

Component items:

• Striatum (FEC.FT.ST)
  • Ventral Striatum (FEC.FT.VST)
    • Accumbens Nucleus (FEC.FT.ACC): Activate motor functions under attention, expectation of pleasure; rhythmic timing
      • Nucleus Accumbens Core (FEC.FT.ACC.CORE): cognitive processing of motor function related to reward and reinforcement; encodes new motor programs which facilitate acquisition of given reward in future
      • Nucleus Accumbens Shell (FEC.FT.ACC.SH): cognitive processing of motivational salience (wanting) as well as reward and reinforcement effects
    • Ventral Putamen (FEC.FT.PU.VT): Evaluation of flavors, taste, motivation loop
  • Dorsal Striatum (FEC.FT.DST)
    • Caudate Nucleus (FEC.FT.CN): Excitation of correct action schemas and selection of appropriate sub-goals based on evaluation of action-outcomes
      • Caudate Nucleus Head (FEC.FT.CN.HD): Feedback processing, result of incorrect categorization
      • Caudate Nucleus Body (FEC.FT.CN.BD): Oculomotor learning
      • Caudate Nucleus Tail (FEC.FT.CN.TL): Successful classification learning, correct categorization
    • Dorsal Putamen (FEC.FT.DPU): Stimulus-response, or habit, learning
      • Dorsal Putamen Caudal (FEC.FT.PU.DCD)
        • Dorsal Putamen Lateral (FEC.FT.PU.LT): Flexor motor initiation
        • Dorsal Putamen Medial (FEC.FT.PU.MED): Extensor motor initiation
• Globus Pallidus (FEC.FT.GP)
  • Dorsal Pallidum (FEC.FT.DP)
    • Globus Pallidus External (FEC.FT.GPE): Regulate and focus activity patterns in striatum, STN, GPi, and SNpr
      • Globus Pallidus External Lateral (FEC.FT.GPE.LT): Flexor loop
      • Globus Pallidus External Medial (FEC.FT.GPE.MED): Extensor loop
      • Globus Pallidus External Dorsal (FEC.FT.GPE.DS): Executive loop
      • Globus Pallidus External Rostromedial (FEC.FT.GPE.RM): Motivational loop
      • Globus Pallidus External Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.GPE.DL): Oculomotor loop
    • Globus Pallidus Internal (FEC.FT.GPI): Output nuclei of basal ganglia to neocortex
      • Globus Pallidus Internal Lateral (FEC.FT.GPI.LT): Motor flexor loop
      • Globus Pallidus Internal Medial (FEC.FT.GPI.MED): Motor extensor loop
      • Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsal (FEC.FT.GPI.DS): Executive loop
      • Globus Pallidus Internal Rostromedial (FEC.FT.GPI.RM): Motivational loop
      • Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.GPI.DL): Oculomotor loop
  • Ventral Pallidum (FEC.FT.VP): Distinguish wanting versus liking enhancements
    • Ventral Pallidum Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.VP.DL): motivational loop, NAcc-core
    • Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial (FEC.FT.VP.VM): motivational loop, NAcc-shell
• Substantia Nigra (FEC.FT.SN)
  • Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (FEC.FT.SNC): Fine motor control, temporal processing
    • Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral (FEC.FT.SNC.LT): executive loop
    • Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial (FEC.FT.SNC.MED): motivational loop
  • Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (FEC.FT.SNR): Convey final processed signals of basal ganglia to thalamus and superior colliculus
    • Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.SNR.DL): Extensor motor loop, head
    • Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Rostromedial (FEC.FT.SNR.RM): Executive loop
    • Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Ventrolateral (FEC.FT.SNR.VL): Oculomotor loop
    • Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial (FEC.FT.SNR.MED): Motivational loop

Connectivity

(generated)

Internal Regions Connections:

Source Region	Target Region	Reference
Nucleus Accumbens Core (FEC.FT.ACC.CORE)	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial (FEC.FT.SNC.MED)	(unknown reference)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial (FEC.FT.SNR.MED)	Craving (NACC -> SNr, abstract)
	Ventral Pallidum Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.VP.DL)	Craving (NACC -> VPAL, abstract)
Nucleus Accumbens Shell (FEC.FT.ACC.SH)	Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial (FEC.FT.VP.VM)	Craving (NACC -> VPAL, abstract)
Caudate Nucleus Body (FEC.FT.CN.BD)	Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.GPI.DL)	Habenula Connections (CPu -> GPi, abstract)
	Dorsal Putamen Lateral (FEC.FT.PU.LT)	Regulation of Social Brain (Caud -> Put, abstract)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.SNR.DL)	Global visual system (Striatum -> SNr, abstract)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Ventrolateral (FEC.FT.SNR.VL)	Saccades and smooth movements (CN -> SN, abstract)
Caudate Nucleus Head (FEC.FT.CN.HD)	Globus Pallidus External Medial (FEC.FT.GPE.MED)	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (CN.PU -> GP, abstract)
	Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsal (FEC.FT.GPI.DS)	Habenula Connections (CPu -> GPi, abstract)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral (FEC.FT.SNC.LT)	Saccades and smooth movements (CN -> SN, abstract)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Rostromedial (FEC.FT.SNR.RM)	Saccades and smooth movements (CN -> SN, abstract)
Caudate Nucleus Tail (FEC.FT.CN.TL)	Globus Pallidus Internal Rostromedial (FEC.FT.GPI.RM)	Habenula Connections (CPu -> GPi, abstract)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial (FEC.FT.SNR.MED)	Saccades and smooth movements (CN -> SN, abstract)
Globus Pallidus External Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.GPE.DL)	Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.GPI.DL)	(unknown reference)
Globus Pallidus External Dorsal (FEC.FT.GPE.DS)	Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsal (FEC.FT.GPI.DS)	(unknown reference)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Rostromedial (FEC.FT.SNR.RM)	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (GP -> SN, abstract)
Globus Pallidus External Lateral (FEC.FT.GPE.LT)	Globus Pallidus Internal Lateral (FEC.FT.GPI.LT)	(unknown reference)
Globus Pallidus External Medial (FEC.FT.GPE.MED)	Globus Pallidus Internal Medial (FEC.FT.GPI.MED)	(unknown reference)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.SNR.DL)	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (GP -> SN, abstract)
Globus Pallidus External Rostromedial (FEC.FT.GPE.RM)	Globus Pallidus Internal Rostromedial (FEC.FT.GPI.RM)	(unknown reference)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial (FEC.FT.SNR.MED)	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (GP -> SN, abstract)
Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsal (FEC.FT.GPI.DS)	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral (FEC.FT.SNC.LT)	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (GP -> SN, abstract)
Globus Pallidus Internal Rostromedial (FEC.FT.GPI.RM)	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial (FEC.FT.SNC.MED)	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (GP -> SN, abstract)
Dorsal Putamen Lateral (FEC.FT.PU.LT)	Globus Pallidus Internal Lateral (FEC.FT.GPI.LT)	Habenula Connections (CPu -> GPi, abstract)
Dorsal Putamen Medial (FEC.FT.PU.MED)	Globus Pallidus External Medial (FEC.FT.GPE.MED)	Basal Ganglia Activity (PU -> GPo, abstract)
	Globus Pallidus Internal Medial (FEC.FT.GPI.MED)	Habenula Connections (CPu -> GPi, abstract)
	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.SNR.DL)	Global visual system (Striatum -> SNr, abstract)
Ventral Putamen (FEC.FT.PU.VT)	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial (FEC.FT.SNR.MED)	(unknown reference)
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral (FEC.FT.SNC.LT)	Nucleus Accumbens Shell (FEC.FT.ACC.SH)	Connectivity map of the habenula (SNc -> CPu, abstract)
	Dorsal Putamen Lateral (FEC.FT.PU.LT)	Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (SNC -> PU)
	Dorsal Putamen Medial (FEC.FT.PU.MED)	Connectivity map of the habenula (SNc -> CPu, abstract)
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial (FEC.FT.SNC.MED)	Nucleus Accumbens Shell (FEC.FT.ACC.SH)	Connectivity map of the habenula (SNc -> CPu, abstract)
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.SNR.DL)	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral (FEC.FT.SNC.LT)	Oculomotor decision-making (SNr -> SNc)
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial (FEC.FT.SNR.MED)	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial (FEC.FT.SNC.MED)	(unknown reference)
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Rostromedial (FEC.FT.SNR.RM)	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral (FEC.FT.SNC.LT)	(unknown reference)
Ventral Pallidum Dorsolateral (FEC.FT.VP.DL)	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial (FEC.FT.SNR.MED)	Craving (VPAL -> SNr, abstract)

External Connections:

External Inbound Center Connections:

Source Center	Sample Link	Reference
Habenula (FAM.FD.HB)	FAM.FD.LHB.MED -> FEC.FT.SNC.LT	Habenula Connections (LHb -> SNc, abstract)
Amygdala (FAM.FT.AM)	FAM.FT.AM.BP -> FEC.FT.ACC.CORE	Amygdala and its network (BLN -> NACC, abstract)
Central Extended Amygdala (FAM.FT.CEAM)	FAM.FT.BNST -> FEC.FT.SNC.MED	(unknown reference)
Hypothalamus (FD.HT)	LAC.FD.HT.VM -> FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VMN -> NAc, abstract)
Cognitive Thalamus (FD.TH.CR)	FAM.FD.TH.PT -> FEC.FT.ACC.CORE	(unknown reference)
Sensory Thalamus (FD.TH.SR)	NCP.FD.TH.LI -> FEC.FT.CN.BD	(unknown reference)
Subthalamus Area (FEC.FD.STA)	FEC.FD.STN.ICD -> FEC.FT.GPE.DL	Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey (STN -> GPe, abstract)
Hippocampal Formation (FMM.FT.HF)	FMM.FT.HC.CA1D -> FEC.FT.ACC.CORE	Nucleus Accumbens (CA1 -> NACC, abstract)
Retrosubicular Area (FMM.NC.PHA.RS)	FMM.NC.PH.PAS -> FEC.FT.ACC.CORE	Nucleus Accumbens (PAS -> NACC, abstract)
Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei (HL.SN)	LPC.HL.SOL -> FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (NTS -> NAc, abstract)
Pontine Reticular Formation (HT.RF)	LPC.HT.PRF.PB -> FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (PBN -> NAc, abstract)
Pontine Tegmental Nuclei (HT.TG)	FEC.HT.TG.IPD -> FEC.FT.SNC.LT	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> SNc, abstract)
Locus Coeruleus (LMC.HT.LC)	LMC.HT.LC -> FEC.FT.SNC.MED	(unknown reference)
Ventral Tegmental Area (LMC.MM.VTA)	LMC.MM.VTA -> FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Craving (VTA -> NACC, abstract)
Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon (MM.REF)	LRC.MM.SC.DEEP -> FEC.FT.SNC.LT	Global visual system (SCi -> SNc, abstract)
Anterior Cingulate Area (NC.ACG)	NDM.NC.AL.VACG -> FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Global visual system (FrontalCortex -> BGA, abstract)
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (NC.AL.LPFC)	NDM.NC.AL.DLPFCL -> FEC.FT.CN.HD	Global visual system (FrontalCortex -> BGA, abstract)
Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex (NC.AL.OMPFC)	NDM.NC.AL.FPC -> FEC.FT.ACC.CORE	Affective basal ganglia circuit (OMPFC -> NACC, abstract)
Medial Parietal Lobule (NC.MPL)	NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG -> FEC.FT.ACC.SH	(unknown reference)
Anterior Parietal Cortex (NC.PG.APC)	NCP.NC.PG.S1 -> FEC.FT.PU.LT	Basal Ganglia Activity (S1 -> PU, abstract)
Rhinal Cortex (NC.PHA.RH)	FMM.NC.PH.LEC -> FEC.FT.ACC.CORE	Nucleus Accumbens (EC -> NACC, abstract)
Premotor Cortex (NC.PMC)	NPE.NC.PMC.AFEF -> FEC.FT.CN.BD	Global visual system (FrontalCortex -> BGA, abstract)
Motor Cortex (NMA.NC.MC)	NMA.NC.MC -> FEC.FT.PU.LT	Basal Ganglia Activity (M1 -> PU, abstract)
Supplementary Motor Cortex (NMA.NC.SMC)	NMA.NC.SMC.F3 -> FEC.FT.PU.MED	Global visual system (FrontalCortex -> BGA, abstract)
Inferotemporal Area (NSA.NC.IT)	NSA.NC.IT.TE -> FEC.FT.CN.BD	(unknown reference)
Transverse Temporal Gyrus (NSA.NC.TTG)	NSA.NC.TTG.A2 -> FEC.FT.CN.BD	(unknown reference)

External Outbound Center Connections:

Target Center	Sample Link	Reference
Habenula (FAM.FD.HB)	FEC.FT.ACC.CORE -> FAM.FD.LHB.LT	Connectivity map of the habenula (NAc -> L, abstract)
Amygdala (FAM.FT.AM)	FEC.FT.SNC.MED -> FAM.FT.AM.CEM	(unknown reference)
Central Extended Amygdala (FAM.FT.CEAM)	FEC.FT.ACC.SH -> FEC.FT.IPAC.LT	(unknown reference)
Hypothalamus (FD.HT)	FEC.FT.ACC.SH -> LAC.FD.HT.LTN	(unknown reference)
Cognitive Thalamus (FD.TH.CR)	FEC.FT.GPI.LT -> FEC.FD.TH.CM	Thalamocortical relationships (sCM -> CM, abstract)
Motor Thalamus (FD.TH.MR)	FEC.FT.GPI.DL -> NPE.FD.TH.LP	Saccadic Vision (BG -> Thalamus, abstract)
Pontine Reticular Formation (HT.RF)	FEC.FT.SNC.MED -> LRC.HT.PRF.PVR	(unknown reference)
Pontine Tegmental Nuclei (HT.TG)	FEC.FT.SNR.MED -> FEC.HT.TG.IPD	(unknown reference)
Cerebellar Complex (LLC.HT.CRC)	FEC.FT.SNC.LT -> LLC.HT.CR.CC	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (SN -> CR, abstract)
Red Nucleus (LLC.MM.RD)	FEC.FT.SNC.LT -> LLC.MM.RD	(unknown reference)
Ventral Tegmental Area (LMC.MM.VTA)	FEC.FT.ACC.CORE -> LMC.MM.VTA	Reward circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)
Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon (MM.REF)	FEC.FT.SNR.DL -> LRC.MM.SC.INT	Global visual system (SNr -> SCi, abstract)