BrainCenterFD HT

Hypothalamus

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This page covers biological details of component group Hypothalamus. Component group is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

• Top-down path to center: Forebrain Diencephalon -> Hypothalamus (FD.HT) (see Mind Maps)
• Function:

(generated)

Components

(generated)

Component items:

• Mammillary Body (FD.MB)
  • Lateral Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.LMB): Generate theta rythm and relay to HC
  • Medial Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.MMB): Relay for impulses coming from AM and HC
• Anterior Hypothalamus Area (LAC.FD.HT.AHT)
  • Chiasmatic Area (LAC.FD.HT.CHS)
    • Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO): Regulates release of gonadotropic hormones, sexual differentiation
    • Supraoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SO): Blood volume or blood pressure, vasopressin release
    • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SCN): Regulate the circadian cycle, 24-hour rhythms
    • Retrochiasmatic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.RCH): Maintenance of normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function
  • Tuberal Area (LAC.FD.HT.TUB)
    • Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV): Regulate appetite and autonomic functions
    • Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.AH): Thermoregulation, panting, sweating
    • Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM): Satiety, control of eating
    • Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus (LAC.FD.HT.AR): Regulation of growth, appetite and body weight
• Posterior Hypothalamic Area (LAC.FD.HT.POS): Blood pressure, pupillary dilation
  • Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM): Blood pressure, heart rate
  • Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PN): Blood pressure, pupillary dilation
• Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LAC.FD.HT.LT): Thirst and hunger
  • Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN): feeding center
  • Lateral Tuberal Nuclei (LAC.FD.HT.LTUB)
    • Supramammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SUM): control hippocampal plasticity, determine frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm
    • Tuberomammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.TBM): sole source of histamine in the brain
    • Premammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PRM): expression of fear responses to environmental threats

Connectivity

(generated)

Internal Regions Connections:

Source Region	Target Region	Reference
Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.AH)	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (AH -> DMN)
	Premammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PRM)	(unknown reference)
	Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (AH -> VMN)
Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus (LAC.FD.HT.AR)	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> DMN)
	Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> LHA)
	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> PA)
	Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM)	Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (ARC -> VMH)
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN)	Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> LHA)
	Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> VLPO)
	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (DMN -> PA)
Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN)	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (LHA -> PVN)
Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.AH)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> AH)
	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> PA)
	Supraoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SO)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> SON)
	Supramammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SUM)	(unknown reference)
Premammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PRM)	Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	(unknown reference)
	Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM)	(unknown reference)
Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (PVN -> DMH)
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SCN)	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (SCH -> DMN)
	Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (SCH -> MPOA)
	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	Food-entrainable circadian oscillator (SCN -> PVH)
Supramammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SUM)	Lateral Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.LMB)	Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (SupraMM -> LMB)
Tuberomammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.TBM)	Medial Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.MMB)	Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (TuberoMM -> MMB, abstract)
	Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	Simplified NREM sleep-promoting pathway (TMN -> VLPO)
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM)	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (VMN -> DMN)
	Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN)	Glucose-sensing neural network (VMH -> LHA)
	Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	(unknown reference)
	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	Glucose-sensing neural network (VMH -> PVH)

External Connections:

External Inbound Center Connections:

Source Center	Sample Link	Reference
Amygdala (FAM.FT.AM)	FAM.FT.AM.BP -> LAC.FD.HT.DM	Role for serotonin in moral behavior (AMY -> HYP, abstract)
Septal Nuclei (FAM.FT.SEP)	FAM.FT.SEP.MED -> FMM.FD.MB.LMB	Cingulate Gyrus (SEP -> HT, abstract)
Cognitive Thalamus (FD.TH.CR)	LPC.FD.TH.PV -> LAC.FD.HT.PO	(unknown reference)
Basal Ganglia (FEC.FT.BG)	FEC.FT.ACC.SH -> LAC.FD.HT.LTN	(unknown reference)
Hippocampal Formation (FMM.FT.HF)	FMM.FT.HF.SUBP -> FMM.FD.MB.MMB	Principal Connections of Hippocampus (HC -> MB, abstract)
Retrosubicular Area (FMM.NC.PHA.RS)	FMM.NC.PH.POS -> FMM.FD.MB.LMB	Head Direction Cell Circuit (PSUB -> LMB)
Myelencephalic Motor Nuclei (HL.MN)	LRC.HL.INM -> LAC.FD.HT.PN	(unknown reference)
Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei (HL.SN)	LPC.HL.SOL -> LAC.FD.HT.AR	(unknown reference)
Pontine Reticular Formation (HT.RF)	LPC.HT.PRF.PB -> LAC.FD.HT.DM	Food-entrainable circadian oscillator (PBN -> DMH)
Pontine Tegmental Nuclei (HT.TG)	LMC.HT.TG.DTG -> FMM.FD.MB.LMB	(unknown reference)
Locus Coeruleus (LMC.HT.LC)	LMC.HT.LC -> LAC.FD.HT.PO	Simplified NREM sleep-promoting pathway (LC -> VLPO)
Ventral Tegmental Area (LMC.MM.VTA)	LMC.MM.VTA -> FMM.FD.MB.MMB	Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)
Retina (LPC.FD.RT)	LPC.FD.RT -> LAC.FD.HT.SCN	Effect of light on pupil diameter (RET -> SCN)
Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MM.RF)	LMC.MM.RF.SUC -> FMM.FD.MB.MMB	(unknown reference)
Anterior Cingulate Area (NC.ACG)	NCP.NC.AL.SGCG -> LAC.FD.HT.AH	(unknown reference)
Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex (NC.AL.OMPFC)	NDM.NC.AL.FPC -> LAC.FD.HT.RCH	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (OPFC -> HT, abstract)
Rhinal Cortex (NC.PHA.RH)	FMM.NC.PH.MEC -> FMM.FD.MB.MMB	Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (MedialEC -> MMB, abstract)

External Outbound Center Connections:

Target Center	Sample Link	Reference
Central canal (AVA.SC.CC)	LAC.FD.HT.PV -> LAC.SC.CC.DCN	(unknown reference)
Lateral Horn/Funiculus (BMA.SC.LH)	LAC.FD.HT.PV -> LAC.SC.LH.LSN	(unknown reference)
Habenula (FAM.FD.HB)	LAC.FD.HT.LTN -> FAM.FD.LHB.LT	Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection (LHT -> LHbL)
Central Extended Amygdala (FAM.FT.CEAM)	LAC.FD.HT.VM -> FAM.FT.BNST	(unknown reference)
Septal Nuclei (FAM.FT.SEP)	LAC.FD.HT.PN -> FAM.FT.SEP.LT	(unknown reference)
Cognitive Thalamus (FD.TH.CR)	FMM.FD.MB.LMB -> FMM.FD.TH.AD	Head Direction Cell Circuit (LMB -> AD)
Subthalamus Area (FEC.FD.STA)	LAC.FD.HT.VM -> FEC.FD.STN.CD	(unknown reference)
Basal Ganglia (FEC.FT.BG)	LAC.FD.HT.VM -> FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VMN -> NAc, abstract)
Hippocampal Formation (FMM.FT.HF)	LAC.FD.HT.PN -> FMM.FT.HC.CA3P	(unknown reference)
Olfactory Nuclei (FT.OLF)	LAC.FD.HT.TBM -> LPC.FT.MOB	(unknown reference)
Medullary Reticular Formation (HL.RF)	LAC.FD.HT.LTN -> LMC.HL.RP.MG	(unknown reference)
Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei (HL.SN)	LAC.FD.HT.VM -> LPC.HL.SOL	Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VMN -> NTS)
Pontine Reticular Formation (HT.RF)	FMM.FD.MB.LMB -> LLC.HT.PRF.PDT	Mammillary Body (LMB -> RTG)
Metencephalic Sensory Nuclei (HT.SN)	FMM.FD.MB.MMB -> LLC.HT.PN.RSP	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (HT -> PN, abstract)
Pontine Tegmental Nuclei (HT.TG)	FMM.FD.MB.LMB -> LMC.HT.TG.LDT	Hippocampal Formation (LMam -> DTN)
Paravertebral Sympathetic Ganglia (LAC.PN.SYM.PA)	LAC.FD.HT.SCN -> LAC.PN.SYM.SCG	(unknown reference)
Locus Coeruleus (LMC.HT.LC)	LAC.FD.HT.DM -> LMC.HT.LC	Effect of light on pupil diameter (DMH -> LC)
Periaqueductal Gray Matter (LMC.MM.PAG)	LAC.FD.HT.VM -> LMC.MM.PAG	Spine induction on short primary dendrites in the ventrolateral VMH (VMH -> PAG)
Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon (MM.REF)	LAC.FD.HT.SCN -> LRC.MM.PT.NOT	(unknown reference)
Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex (NC.AL.OMPFC)	LAC.FD.HT.LTN -> NDM.NC.AL.ROFCS	Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (LHA -> OFC, abstract)
Intermediate Zone (SC.IZ)	LAC.FD.HT.PN -> LAC.SC.IZ.CSC	Sympathetic and parasympathetic eye pathways (PHT -> CC)
Anterior/Ventral Horn (SC.VH)	LAC.FD.HT.PV -> LPC.SC.VH.ONF	(unknown reference)
Endocrine Glands (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE)	LAC.FD.HT.AR -> TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE	(unknown reference)