Latest revision as of 18:27, 28 April 2019

Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus

@@Home -> BiologicalLifeResearch -> BrainAreaLAC -> BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN

This page covers biological details of component Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

Top-down path to region: Forebrain Diencephalon -> Hypothalamus (FD.HT) -> Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LAC.FD.HT.LT) -> Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN) (see Mind Maps)
Type: nucleus
Quality: L0
Brain area: Lower Brain - Autonomous Control Area (LAC)
Area circuit: Thirst and Hunger Control (LATH)
Role: processor.autonomic
Function: feeding center
Notes to function:
- lesions - lack of appetite

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Components

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no child items defined

Connectivity

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LAC.FD.HT.LTN.dot.png

Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Role	Reference
FAM	FAM.FT.AM.BP	Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Amygdala and its network (BLN -> HTS)
	FAM.FT.AM.CEM	Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> HT.L, abstract)
	FAM.FT.SEP.SH	Septohippocampal Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Cingulate Gyrus (SEP -> HT, abstract)
FEC	FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Nucleus Accumbens Shell	inhibitory-gaba	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LAC	LAC.FD.HT.AR	Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> LHA)
	LAC.FD.HT.DM	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> LHA)
	LAC.FD.HT.VM	Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Glucose-sensing neural network (VMH -> LHA)
LPC	LPC.HL.SOL	Solitary Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (NTS -> LHA)

Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Role	Reference
FAM	FAM.FD.LHB.LT	Lateral Habenula Lateral Part	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection (LHT -> LHbL)
	FAM.FD.LHB.MED	Lateral Habenula Medial Part	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHA -> LHbM)
LAC	LAC.FD.HT.PV	Paraventricular Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (LHA -> PVN)
LMC	LMC.HL.RP.MG	Raphe Magnus Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	(unknown reference)
NDM	NDM.NC.AL.ROFCS	Sulcal Rostral Orbitofrontal Cortex	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (LHA -> OFC, abstract)

Thirdparty Circuits

(generated)

Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety - see Reference (CP.SATIETY)

ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR
DMH=Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
NTS=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL
PVN=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
VMH=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM

Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity - see Reference (CP.BOWELS)

AMY=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR
DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see Basal Ganglia)
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
ME=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE
NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
NTS=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
PBN=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB
PVN=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
VMN=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection - see Reference (CF.REM-HB)

DBB=Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB
DTG=Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.DTG
EPN=Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
LHT=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
LHbL=Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT
LHbM=Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED
NI=Incertus Nucleus,FAM.HT.TG.NI
RMTg=Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG
Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see Medullary Reticular Formation)
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see Basal Ganglia)
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA
VTG=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTG

Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems - see Reference (CF.HB-DA5HT)

DBB=Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB
DRN=Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN
GPb=Dorsal Pallidum,FEC.FT.DP (see Basal Ganglia)
IPN=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
LHbL=Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT
LHbM=Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED
LPO=Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO
LS=Lateral Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.LT
MHb=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB
MRN=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see Medullary Reticular Formation)
MS=Medial Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.MED
PS=Posterior Septal Group,FAM.FT.SEP.PG (see Septal Nuclei)
RMTg=Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see Basal Ganglia)
VP=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see Basal Ganglia)
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

Fear regulation - see Reference (CF.FEAR-REG)

B=Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.B (see Amygdala)
CE=Central Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM.CEA (see Amygdala)
Hippocampus=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
Hypothalamus=Hypothalamus,FD.HT
ITC=Intercalated Amygdaloid Nuclei,FAM.FT.AM.ITC
LA=Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.LA (see Amygdala)
Striatum=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
dlPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see Lateral Prefrontal Cortex)
vmPFC=Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.VMPFC

Glucose-sensing neural network - see Reference (CP.GLUCOSE)

ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR
DMN=Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
PVH=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
VMH=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM

Food-entrainable circadian oscillator - see Reference (CP.FOOD-OCSILLATOR)

DMH=Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM
LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
NTS=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL
PBN=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB
PVH=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
SCN=Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN

Eating and sleeping to survive - see Reference (CP.DMH-CYCLES)

ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR
DMH=Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
MPO=Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO
PVH=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
SCN=Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN
VLPO=Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO
VMH=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM

Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance - see Reference (CL.INTRAHYPOTHALAMIC)

AH=Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.AH
ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR
DMN=Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
MPOA=Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO
PA=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
SCH=Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN
SON=Supraoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SO
VMN=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM

Connectivity map of the habenula - see Reference (CF.HB-CONN)

CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
EP=Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF
Hippo=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
IPN=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD
L=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula)
LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
M=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB
NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
PAG=Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG
Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see Medullary Reticular Formation)
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see Basal Ganglia)
Septum=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

Amygdala and its network - see Reference (CF.AM-NET)

BLN=Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.BP
CEA=Central Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM.CEA (see Amygdala)
EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see Rhinal Cortex)
HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
HTS=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
ITC=Inferotemporal Cortex,NSA.NC.IT.TE
LA=Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.LA (see Amygdala)
LHB=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula)
MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see Cognitive Thalamus)
MPFC=Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OMPFC
NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
PAG=Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG
RMTG=Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG
STC=Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3
VGDM=Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

References

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Difference between revisions of "BrainRegionLAC FD HT LTN"

Latest revision as of 18:27, 28 April 2019

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+<pre style="color: green">Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus</pre>
-<pre style="color: green">Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus
-</pre>
 @@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaLAC]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN]]
 ----
@@ Line 8: / Line 6: @@
 Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.
-* *Top-down path to region*: Forebrain Diencephalon -> Hypothalamus (HTA.FD.HT) -> Lateral Hypothalamic Area (HTA.FD.HT.LT) -> Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
+* '''Top-down path to region''': Forebrain Diencephalon -> [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]] (FD.HT) -> Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LAC.FD.HT.LT) -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus]] (LAC.FD.HT.LTN) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
-* *Type*: nucleus
+* '''Type''': nucleus
-* *Brain area*: [[BrainAreaLAC|Lower Brain - Autonomous Control Area]]
+* '''Quality''': L0
-* *Role*: relay
+* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaLAC|Lower Brain - Autonomous Control Area]] (LAC)
-* *Function*: feeding center
+* '''Area circuit''': Thirst and Hunger Control (LATH)
-* *Notes to function*: lesions - lack of appetite
+* '''Role''': processor.autonomic
+* '''Function''': feeding center
+* '''Notes to function''':
+** lesions - lack of appetite
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 = Components =
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
-http://ahuman.googlecode.com/svn/images/dot/aHuman/LAC.FD.HT.LTN.dot.png
+http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/LAC.FD.HT.LTN.dot.png
-*Inbound Region Connections:*
+'''Inbound Region Connections:'''
-|| *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Reference* ||
+{| class=wikitable width=80%
-|| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM]] || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> HT.L, abstract)]] ||
+| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference'''
-||  || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_SH|FAM.FT.SEP.SH]] || Septohippocampal Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [[http://www.thebrainlabs.com Cingulate Gyrus (SEP -> HT, abstract)]] ||
+|-
-|| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH FEC.FT.ACC.SH]] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || inhibitory-gaba || (unknown reference) ||
+| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP|FAM.FT.AM.BP]] || Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (BLN -> HTS)]
-|| [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR LAC.FD.HT.AR]] || Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) ||
+|-
-||  || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|LAC.FD.HT.DM]] || Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) ||
+|  || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM|FAM.FT.AM.CEM]] || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> HT.L, abstract)]
+|-
+|  || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_SH|FAM.FT.SEP.SH]] || Septohippocampal Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.thebrainlabs.com Cingulate Gyrus (SEP -> HT, abstract)]
+|-
+| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH|FEC.FT.ACC.SH]] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||(unknown reference)
+|-
+| [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|LAC.FD.HT.AR]] || Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> LHA)]
+|-
+|  || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|LAC.FD.HT.DM]] || Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> LHA)]
+|-
+|  || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|LAC.FD.HT.VM]] || Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/302/2/R215 Glucose-sensing neural network (VMH -> LHA)]
+|-
+| [[BrainAreaLPC|LPC]] || [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|LPC.HL.SOL]] || Solitary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (NTS -> LHA)]
+|}
-*Outbound Region Connections:*
+'''Outbound Region Connections:'''
-|| *Target Area* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Reference* ||
+{| class=wikitable width=80%
-|| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT FAM.FD.LHB.LT]] || Lateral Habenula Lateral Part || excitatory-glu || [[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Habenula Connections (LH -> LHb, abstract)]] ||
+| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference'''
-|| [[BrainAreaFMM|FMM]] || [[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB]] || Lateral Mammillary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) ||
+|-
-||  || [[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB|FMM.FD.MB.MMB]] || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) ||
+| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT|FAM.FD.LHB.LT]] || Lateral Habenula Lateral Part || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection (LHT -> LHbL)]
-|| [[BrainAreaLMC|LMC]] || [[BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_MG LMC.HM.RP.MG]] || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) ||
+|-
+|  || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|FAM.FD.LHB.MED]] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHA -> LHbM)]
+|-
+| [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|LAC.FD.HT.PV]] || Paraventricular Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (LHA -> PVN)]
+|-
+| [[BrainAreaLMC|LMC]] || [[BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG|LMC.HL.RP.MG]] || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference)
+|-
+| [[BrainAreaNDM|NDM]] || [[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_ROFCS|NDM.NC.AL.ROFCS]] || Sulcal Rostral Orbitofrontal Cortex || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (LHA -> OFC, abstract)]
+|}
 = Thirdparty Circuits =
 (generated)
-* no circuits defined
+* [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/images/dougherty/pdougherty4_3.jpg Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety] - see [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html Reference] (CP.SATIETY)
+ ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]]
+ DMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]]
+ LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ NTS=[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]
+ PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
+ VMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/6f1f0e26e147b046d3567a72e62038bb.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/images/nrendo.2010.93-f1.jpg Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Reference] (CP.BOWELS)
+ AMY=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
+ ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]]
+ DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ ME=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE|Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]]
+ NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ NTS=[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]
+ OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ PBN=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]]
+ PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
+ VMN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]]
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1550acf4cfac7352ce9d8ba11a39c4e6.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/70852/fnhum-07-00826-HTML/image_m/fnhum-07-00826-g002.jpg Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection] - see [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full Reference] (CF.REM-HB)
+ DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
+ DTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT|Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.DTG]]
+ EPN=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF|Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF]]
+ GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ LHT=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ LHbL=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT|Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT]]
+ LHbM=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED]]
+ NI=[[BrainRegionFAM_HT_TG_NI|Incertus Nucleus,FAM.HT.TG.NI]]
+ RMTg=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
+ Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
+ SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+ VTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTG]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/9876de47985d221848d9333bddb7bf59.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/images/nn.3779-F2.jpg Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems] - see [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Reference] (CF.HB-DA5HT)
+ DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
+ DRN=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN|Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN]]
+ GPb=Dorsal Pallidum,FEC.FT.DP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ IPN=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
+ LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ LHbL=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT|Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT]]
+ LHbM=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED]]
+ LPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO|Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]]
+ LS=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_LT|Lateral Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.LT]]
+ MHb=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
+ MRN=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
+ MS=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_MED|Medial Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.MED]]
+ PS=Posterior Septal Group,FAM.FT.SEP.PG (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei]])
+ RMTg=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
+ SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ VP=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/97cf0802ee48a418ff7f70f80ce204e1.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v35/n1/images/npp2009121f1.jpg Fear regulation] - see [https://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc Reference] (CF.FEAR-REG)
+ B=Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.B (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
+ CE=Central Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM.CEA (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
+ Hippocampus=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
+ Hypothalamus=[[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus,FD.HT]]
+ ITC=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_ITC|Intercalated Amygdaloid Nuclei,FAM.FT.AM.ITC]]
+ LA=Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.LA (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
+ Striatum=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ dlPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ vmPFC=[[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VMPFC|Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.VMPFC]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/0109abd5f9ba228b2df07c466da4b771.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://dkqlgfb5sk2dk.cloudfront.net/content/ajpregu/302/2/R215/F1.large.jpg Glucose-sensing neural network] - see [http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/302/2/R215 Reference] (CP.GLUCOSE)
+ ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]]
+ DMN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]]
+ LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ PVH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
+ VMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/0cd27888f0cfd10857510d32768c3815.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.large.jpg Food-entrainable circadian oscillator] - see [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.expansion.html Reference] (CP.FOOD-OCSILLATOR)
+ DMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]]
+ LH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ NTS=[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]
+ PBN=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]]
+ PVH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
+ SCN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/8f1f58bb00bedda8aee035b59f4b1a61.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=300>
+* [http://www.dana.org/uploadedImages/Images/Content_Images/SenBodyFunc2_PR2007_cont.jpg Eating and sleeping to survive] - see [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Reference] (CP.DMH-CYCLES)
+ ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]]
+ DMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]]
+ LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ MPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]]
+ PVH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
+ SCN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]]
+ VLPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO|Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]]
+ VMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/aaf05c2cb0453d5f112754ade7c03956.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/intrahypothalamic.png Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance] - see [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Reference] (CL.INTRAHYPOTHALAMIC)
+ AH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH|Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.AH]]
+ ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]]
+ DMN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]]
+ LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ MPOA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]]
+ PA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
+ SCH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]]
+ SON=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO|Supraoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SO]]
+ VMN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/812cda92ff47d048aeb22ce670a9a9fb.png" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://d2avczb82rh8fa.cloudfront.net/content/jn/107/10/2633/F1.large.jpg Connectivity map of the habenula] - see [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Reference] (CF.HB-CONN)
+ CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ EP=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF|Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF]]
+ Hippo=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
+ IPN=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
+ L=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
+ LH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ M=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
+ NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ PAG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]]
+ Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
+ SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ Septum=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/213e030f063f9640f8ace79244e622d1.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://sni.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/3520/SNI-3-40-g001.png Amygdala and its network] - see [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Reference] (CF.AM-NET)
+ BLN=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP|Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.BP]]
+ CEA=Central Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM.CEA (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
+ EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
+ HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
+ HTS=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ ITC=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_IT_TE|Inferotemporal Cortex,NSA.NC.IT.TE]]
+ LA=Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.LA (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
+ LHB=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
+ MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_CR|Cognitive Thalamus]])
+ MPFC=[[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OMPFC]]
+ NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ PAG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]]
+ RMTG=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
+ STC=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3|Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3]]
+ VGDM=[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN|Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]]
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/148ecc584cca86040df3ac88ecdbcba6.png" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 = References =
 (generated)
-* no references defined
+* http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html
+* http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html
+* http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full
+* http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html
+* https://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc
+* http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/302/2/R215
+* http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.expansion.html
+* http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217
+* http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf
+* http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633
+* http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin