BrainAreaLLC

Locomotion Control Area

Home -> BiologicalLifeResearch -> BrainAreaLLC

---

Local Circuits

(generated)

ID	Name	Regions	Quality
LLC	Cerebrocerebellar Locomotion	LLC.HT.BPN, LLC.HT.CR.CC, LLC.HT.CR.DN, LLC.HT.PN.RSP, LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	L0
LLL	Spinocerebellar Learning	LLC.FD.TH.SF, LLC.HL.ARC, LLC.HL.IO, LLC.HL.RF.MLRN, LLC.HL.RF.PLRN, LLC.HT.PN.PBB	L0
LLS	Spinocerebellar Locomotion	LLC.HT.CR.EN, LLC.HT.CR.GN, LLC.HT.CR.PV, LLC.MM.RD.MG, LLC.MM.RD.PV	L0

Cerebrocerebellar Locomotion

Component ID	Component Name	Type	Service	Function	Comments	Quality
LLC.HT.BPN	Basilar Pontine Nuclei	nucleus	LUS	convey information from motor cortex to cerebellum regarding intended movements of contralateral arm and leg		L0
LLC.HT.CR.CC	Cerebellar Lateral Lobe	cortex	LLC	planning movement that is about to occur, evaluating sensory information for action, handles intentions		L0
LLC.HT.CR.DN	Dentate Nucleus	nucleus	LLC	planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements		L0
LLC.HT.PN.RSP	Rostral Pontine Nucleus	nucleus	LLI	Part of learning, motivation, spatial memory pathway		L0
LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	Pontine Reticulotegmental Nucleus	nucleus	LLI	Mediate saccadic eye movements	Nucleus of Bechterew, tegmentopontine reticular nucleus, projections from superior colliculus to vermis of CR	L0

Internal Region Connections:

Source Region	Target Region	Type	Role	Reference
LLC.HT.BPN	LLC.HT.CR.CC	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (PNN -> CRP)
LLC.HT.CR.CC	LLC.HT.CR.DN	allocortex-nucleus-gaba	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (CRP -> DN)
LLC.HT.PN.RSP	LLC.HT.CR.DN	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (PN -> CR, abstract)

External Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Local Region	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Role	Reference
Cortical
NDM	LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	NDM.NC.AL.VACG	Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area	neocortex-nucleus	uncertain	Motor neurons control (CTX -> PRF, abstract)
NMA	LLC.HT.BPN	NMA.NC.MC	Motor Cortex	neocortex-nucleus	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (CTX -> PNN, abstract)
	LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	NMA.NC.MC	Motor Cortex	neocortex-nucleus	uncertain	Motor neurons control (CTX -> PRF, abstract)
		NMA.NC.SMC.F3	Supplementary Motor Area	neocortex-nucleus	uncertain	Motor neurons control (CTX -> PRF, abstract)
NPE	LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	NPE.NC.BRA.PO	Broca's Area Pars Opercularis	neocortex-nucleus	uncertain	Motor neurons control (CTX -> PRF, abstract)
Subcortical
FEC	LLC.HT.CR.CC	FEC.FT.SNC.LT	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral	nucleus-allocortex-DA	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (SN -> CR, abstract)
FMM	LLC.HT.PN.RSP	FMM.FD.MB.MMB	Medial Mammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (HT -> PN, abstract)
	LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	FMM.FD.MB.LMB	Lateral Mammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Mammillary Body (LMB -> RTG)
		FMM.FD.MB.MMB	Medial Mammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Mammillary Body (MMB -> RTG)
LAC	LLC.HT.PN.RSP	LAC.FD.HT.RCH	Retrochiasmatic Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (HT -> PN, abstract)
LLC	LLC.HT.CR.CC	LLC.HL.IO	Inferior Olivary Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (IO -> CRP)
LPC	LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	LPC.HL.TGS.STR	Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Eye blink reflex and pupillary light reflex (SpinalTrigeminal -> RF, abstract)
LRC	LLC.HT.CR.CC	LRC.HT.PRF.RPO	Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Saccades and smooth movements (DLPN -> CR, abstract)
	LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	LRC.MM.SC.DEEP	Deep Superior Colliculus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths (SC -> RF, abstract)
		LRC.MM.SC.INT	Intermediate Superior Colliculus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths (SC -> RF, abstract)

External Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Local Region	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Role	Reference
Cortical
NCP	LLC.HT.CR.DN	NCP.FD.TH.RIL	Rostral Intralaminar Nuclear Group of Thalamus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
NDM	LLC.HT.CR.DN	NDM.NC.AL.DLPFCL	Lateral Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex	nucleus-neocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
NMA	LLC.HT.CR.DN	NMA.FD.TH.VL	Ventral Lateral Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Thalamocortical relationships (s1VL -> VL)
Subcortical
LLC	LLC.HT.CR.DN	LLC.HT.CR.GN	Globose Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LLC.MM.RD.PV	Parvocellular Part of Red Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Motor neurons control (LT -> RD, abstract)
LRC	LLC.HT.BPN	LRC.MM.SC.INT	Intermediate Superior Colliculus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG	LRC.HT.CR.FN	Cerebellar Flocconodular Lobe	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LRC.HT.CR.VM	Cerebellar Vermis	nucleus-allocortex-gaba	uncertain	(unknown reference)

Spinocerebellar Learning

Component ID	Component Name	Type	Service	Function	Comments	Quality
LLC.FD.TH.SF	Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus	nucleus	LUS	Relays from PAG to Rhape nuclei, Inferior olive nucleus		L0
LLC.HL.ARC	Arcuate Nucleus of Medulla	nucleus	LLI	Relay cardiorepriratory proprioception to cerebellum		L0
LLC.HL.IO	Inferior Olivary Nucleus	nucleus	LLI	Proprioception Relay from Spinal Cord to Cerebellum		L0
LLC.HL.RF.MLRN	Lateral Reticular Nucleus, Magnocellular	nucleus	LLI	spinal cord projections to cerebellum, cervical		L0
LLC.HL.RF.PLRN	Lateral Reticular Nucleus, Parvocellular	nucleus	LLI	spinal cord projections to cerebellum, thoracolumbar		L0
LLC.HT.PN.PBB	Pontobulbar Body	nucleus	LLI	Relay neck proprioception to cerebellum		L0

Internal Region Connections:

Source Region	Target Region	Type	Role	Reference
LLC.FD.TH.SF	LLC.HL.IO	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	uncertain	(unknown reference)

External Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Local Region	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Role	Reference
Cortical
NMA	LLC.HT.PN.PBB	NMA.NC.MC	Motor Cortex	neocortex-nucleus	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (MC -> PN, abstract)
Subcortical
LLC	LLC.HL.IO	LLC.MM.RD.PV	Parvocellular Part of Red Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (RD -> IO, abstract)
	LLC.HL.RF.MLRN	LLC.MM.RD.PV	Parvocellular Part of Red Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HL.RF.PLRN	LLC.MM.RD.PV	Parvocellular Part of Red Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LMC	LLC.FD.TH.SF	LMC.MM.PAG	Periaqueductal Gray Matter	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LPC	LLC.HL.ARC	LPC.SC.PH.CL	Clarke Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HL.IO	LPC.SC.IZ.CCV	Central Cervical Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LPC.SC.PH.NP	Proprius Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (SCS -> IO)
	LLC.HL.RF.PLRN	LPC.SC.IZ.IMM	Intermediomedial Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HT.PN.PBB	LPC.SC.PH.CL	Clarke Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LRC	LLC.HL.IO	LRC.MM.DSCH	Darkschewitsch Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)

External Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Local Region	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Role	Reference
Subcortical
LLC	LLC.HL.ARC	LLC.HT.CR.PV	Cerebellar Paravermis	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HL.IO	LLC.HT.CR.CC	Cerebellar Lateral Lobe	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (IO -> CRP)
		LLC.HT.CR.GN	Globose Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LLC.HT.CR.PV	Cerebellar Paravermis	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (IO -> CRS)
	LLC.HL.RF.MLRN	LLC.HT.CR.PV	Cerebellar Paravermis	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HL.RF.PLRN	LLC.HT.CR.PV	Cerebellar Paravermis	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HT.PN.PBB	LLC.HT.CR.PV	Cerebellar Paravermis	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (PN -> CR, abstract)
LMC	LLC.FD.TH.SF	LMC.MM.RP.DRN	Dorsal Raphe Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LRC	LLC.HL.IO	LRC.HT.CR.VM	Cerebellar Vermis	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (IO -> CRV)

Spinocerebellar Locomotion

Component ID	Component Name	Type	Service	Function	Comments	Quality
LLC.HT.CR.EN	Emboliform Nucleus	nucleus	LLC	Modulate motor functions of Red Nucleus		L0
LLC.HT.CR.GN	Globose Nucleus	nucleus	LLC	Modulate motor functions of Red Nucleus		L0
LLC.HT.CR.PV	Cerebellar Paravermis	cortex	LLC	fine-tune body and limb movements		L0
LLC.MM.RD.MG	Magnocellular Part of Red Nucleus	nucleus	LLE	Automatic limbs control by projection to spinal cord L6 interneurons		L0
LLC.MM.RD.PV	Parvocellular Part of Red Nucleus	nucleus	LLE	sensorimotor processing, use of the arm, hand, and fingers in tactile sensory data acquisition		L0

Internal Region Connections:

Source Region	Target Region	Type	Role	Reference
LLC.HT.CR.EN	LLC.HT.CR.GN	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.MM.RD.MG	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (IP -> RD, abstract)
LLC.HT.CR.GN	LLC.MM.RD.MG	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (IP -> RD, abstract)
LLC.HT.CR.PV	LLC.HT.CR.EN	allocortex-nucleus-gaba	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (CRS -> IP, abstract)
	LLC.HT.CR.GN	allocortex-nucleus-gaba	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (CRS -> IP, abstract)

External Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Local Region	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Role	Reference
Cortical
NDM	LLC.MM.RD.PV	NDM.NC.AL.VACG	Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area	neocortex-nucleus	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (CTX -> RD, abstract)
Subcortical
FEC	LLC.MM.RD.MG	FEC.FT.SNC.LT	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral	nucleus-nucleus-DA	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LLC	LLC.HT.CR.GN	LLC.HL.IO	Inferior Olivary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LLC.HT.CR.DN	Dentate Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HT.CR.PV	LLC.HL.ARC	Arcuate Nucleus of Medulla	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LLC.HL.IO	Inferior Olivary Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (IO -> CRS)
		LLC.HL.RF.MLRN	Lateral Reticular Nucleus, Magnocellular	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LLC.HL.RF.PLRN	Lateral Reticular Nucleus, Parvocellular	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LLC.HT.PN.PBB	Pontobulbar Body	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (PN -> CR, abstract)
	LLC.MM.RD.PV	LLC.HT.CR.DN	Dentate Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Motor neurons control (LT -> RD, abstract)
LMC	LLC.HT.CR.PV	LMC.HL.RP.OB	Raphe Obscurus Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex-5HT	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LMC.HP.RP.PRN	Pontine Raphe Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex-5HT	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LPC	LLC.HT.CR.PV	LPC.HL.ACU	Accessory Cuneate Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LPC.HL.CU	Cuneate Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LPC.SC.IZ.CBS	Centrobasalis Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LPC.SC.IZ.CCV	Central Cervical Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (CCV -> CRS)
		LPC.SC.IZ.IMM	Intermediomedial Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LPC.SC.PH.CL	Clarke Nucleus	nucleus-allocortex	uncertain	Afferent pain pathways (SC -> Cerebellum, abstract)

External Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Local Region	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Role	Reference
Subcortical
FEC	LLC.HT.CR.EN	FEC.FD.TH.CM	Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LLC	LLC.MM.RD.PV	LLC.HL.IO	Inferior Olivary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (RD -> IO, abstract)
		LLC.HL.RF.MLRN	Lateral Reticular Nucleus, Magnocellular	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LLC.HL.RF.PLRN	Lateral Reticular Nucleus, Parvocellular	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
LPC	LLC.MM.RD.MG	LPC.SC.PH.CL	Clarke Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LPC.SC.VH.PL	Posterolateral Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	Motor neurons control (RD -> FAMN, abstract)
LRC	LLC.HT.CR.EN	LRC.MM.SC.INT	Intermediate Superior Colliculus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HT.CR.GN	LRC.MM.DSCH	Darkschewitsch Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
		LRC.MM.SC.DEEP	Deep Superior Colliculus	nucleus-nucleus	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	LLC.HT.CR.PV	LRC.HT.CR.FG	Fastigual Nucleus	allocortex-nucleus	uncertain	Cerebellum functional divisions (CRS -> FG)

Thirdparty Circuits

(generated)

• Cerebellum functional divisions - see Reference (CM.CR-DECUSSATION)

CCV=Central Cervical Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.CCV
CRP=Cerebellar Lateral Lobe,LLC.HT.CR.CC
CRS=Cerebellar Paravermis,LLC.HT.CR.PV
CRV=Cerebellar Vermis,LRC.HT.CR.VM
CTX=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
DN=Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN
FG=Fastigual Nucleus,LRC.HT.CR.FG
IO=Inferior Olivary Nucleus,LLC.HL.IO
IP=Interposed Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.IP (see Cerebellar Complex)
LT=Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN
PNN=Basilar Pontine Nuclei,LLC.HT.BPN
RD=Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD
RF=Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF
SCM=Anterior/Ventral Horn,SC.VH
SCS=Proprius Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.NP
SCSD=Clarke Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.CL
VB=Vestibular Nuclei,LPC.HT.VBN
VBG=Vestibular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.VB
VL=Ventral Lateral Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VL

• Mammillary Body (unknown reference) (CT.LMB-MMB)

LMB=Lateral Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.LMB
MMB=Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB
RTG=Pontine Reticulotegmental Nucleus,LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG

• Horizontal saccades and smooth pursuit movements - see Reference (CP.VISION-SACCADES)

Bechterew=Pontine Reticulotegmental Nucleus,LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG
CR=Cerebellum,LLC.HT.CR (see Cerebellar Complex)
FEFSEF=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
LGB=Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN
PPRF=Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.PRF.PPRF (see Pontine Reticular Formation)
PrimaryVisual=Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1
RIP=Raphe Interpositus Nucleus,LRC.MM.RP.RIP
SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
Striatum=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
Vestibular=Superior Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.SVBN
VisualAssociation=Caudal Precuneus,NPE.NC.SPL.PG

• Motor neurons control - see Reference (CM.CR-MN)

CR=Cerebellum,LLC.HT.CR (see Cerebellar Complex)
CTX=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
EAMN=Anterior/Ventral Horn,SC.VH
EGMN=Anterior/Ventral Horn,SC.VH
FAMN=Anterior/Ventral Horn,SC.VH
FG=Fastigual Nucleus,LRC.HT.CR.FG
IP=Interposed Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.IP (see Cerebellar Complex)
LT=Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN
MRF=Medullary Reticular Formation,HL.RF
PRF=Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF
RD=Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD
VB=Vestibular Nuclei,LPC.HT.VBN

• Thalamocortical relationships - see Reference (CL.THALAMUS-PROJECTIONS)

A=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see Cognitive Thalamus)
CM=Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus,FEC.FD.TH.CM
LD=Lateral Dorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FMM.FD.TH.LD
LGN=Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN
LP=Lateral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus,NPE.FD.TH.LP
MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see Cognitive Thalamus)
MGN=Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB
P=Ventral Posterior Nuclei,NSA.FD.TH.VP (see Sensory Thalamus)
VA=Ventral Anterior Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VA
VL=Ventral Lateral Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VL
VPL=Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPL
VPM=Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPM
pA=Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG
pCM=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see Basal Ganglia)
pLD=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see Anterior Cingulate Area)
pLGN=Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1
pLP=Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL
pMD=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC
pMGN=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
pP=Insular Cortex,NC.INS
pVA=Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC
pVL=Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC
pVPL=Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1
pVPM=Precentral Cortex,NCP.NC.PO.PCC
s1A=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see Hippocampal Formation)
s1MD=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
s1P=Central Cervical Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.CCV
s1VL=Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN
s2A=Mammillary Body,FD.MB (see Hypothalamus)
s2MD=Piriform Cortex,NSA.NC.PH.PIR
s2P=Principal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HT.PN.PTR
s2VL=Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG
s3MD=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC
sCM=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
sLD=Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL
sLP=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
sVA=Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG
sVPL=Marginal Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.MG (see Posterior/Dorsal Horn)
sVPM=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL

References

(generated)

• http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/cblm.htm
• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899301025987
• http://openagrosrl.com/www/page/292/
• http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/