Difference between revisions of "BrainRegionLAC FD HT MPO"
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<pre style="color: green">Median Preoptic Nucleus</pre> | <pre style="color: green">Median Preoptic Nucleus</pre> | ||
@@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaLAC]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO]] | @@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaLAC]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO]] | ||
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* '''Top-down path to region''': Forebrain Diencephalon -> [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]] (FD.HT) -> Anterior Hypothalamus Area (LAC.FD.HT.AHT) -> Chiasmatic Area (LAC.FD.HT.CHS) -> Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO) -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus]] (LAC.FD.HT.MPO) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]]) | * '''Top-down path to region''': Forebrain Diencephalon -> [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]] (FD.HT) -> Anterior Hypothalamus Area (LAC.FD.HT.AHT) -> Chiasmatic Area (LAC.FD.HT.CHS) -> Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO) -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus]] (LAC.FD.HT.MPO) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]]) | ||
* '''Type''': nucleus | * '''Type''': nucleus | ||
| − | * '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaLAC|Lower Brain - Autonomous Control Area]] | + | * '''Quality''': L0 |
| + | * '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaLAC|Lower Brain - Autonomous Control Area]] (LAC) | ||
| + | * '''Area circuit''': Autonomic Thermoregulation (LAT) | ||
* '''Role''': processor.autonomic | * '''Role''': processor.autonomic | ||
* '''Function''': generates thirst | * '''Function''': generates thirst | ||
| − | * '''Notes to function''': Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in median preoptic nucleus | + | * '''Notes to function''': |
| + | ** Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in median preoptic nucleus | ||
(generated) | (generated) | ||
= Components = | = Components = | ||
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{| class=wikitable width=80% | {| class=wikitable width=80% | ||
| − | | '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference''' | + | | '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference''' |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPD|FAM.FT.AM.MPD]] || Medial Posterior Dorsal Amygdaloid Nucleus || inhibitory-gaba || [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Role for serotonin in moral behavior (AMY -> HYP, abstract)] | + | | [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPD|FAM.FT.AM.MPD]] || Medial Posterior Dorsal Amygdaloid Nucleus || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Role for serotonin in moral behavior (AMY -> HYP, abstract)] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[BrainAreaFMM|FMM]] || [[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_CA1D|FMM.FT.HC.CA1D]] || Distal CA1 of Hippocampus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n7 Feeling (HC -> HT, abstract)] | + | | [[BrainAreaFMM|FMM]] || [[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_CA1D|FMM.FT.HC.CA1D]] || Distal CA1 of Hippocampus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n7 Feeling (HC -> HT, abstract)] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|LAC.FD.HT.DM]] || Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> MPO)] | + | | [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|LAC.FD.HT.DM]] || Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> MPO)] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM|LAC.FD.HT.PRM]] || Premammillary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) | + | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM|LAC.FD.HT.PRM]] || Premammillary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||(unknown reference) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|LAC.FD.HT.SCN]] || Suprachiasmatic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (SCH -> MPOA)] | + | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|LAC.FD.HT.SCN]] || Suprachiasmatic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (SCH -> MPOA)] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_HL_TGS_PE5|LAC.HL.TGS.PE5]] || Peritrigeminal Nucleus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) | + | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_HL_TGS_PE5|LAC.HL.TGS.PE5]] || Peritrigeminal Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||(unknown reference) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[BrainAreaNDM|NDM]] || [[BrainRegionNDM_FD_TH_PV|NDM.FD.TH.PV]] || Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) | + | | [[BrainAreaNDM|NDM]] || [[BrainRegionNDM_FD_TH_PV|NDM.FD.TH.PV]] || Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||(unknown reference) |
|} | |} | ||
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{| class=wikitable width=80% | {| class=wikitable width=80% | ||
| − | | '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference''' | + | | '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference''' |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_TH_PT|FAM.FD.TH.PT]] || Paratenial Nucleus of Thalamus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) | + | | [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_TH_PT|FAM.FD.TH.PT]] || Paratenial Nucleus of Thalamus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH|LAC.FD.HT.AH]] || Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> AH)] | + | | [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH|LAC.FD.HT.AH]] || Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> AH)] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|LAC.FD.HT.PV]] || Paraventricular Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> PA)] | + | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|LAC.FD.HT.PV]] || Paraventricular Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> PA)] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO|LAC.FD.HT.SO]] || Supraoptic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> SON)] | + | | || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO|LAC.FD.HT.SO]] || Supraoptic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> SON)] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[BrainAreaLMC|LMC]] || [[BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_OB|LMC.HL.RP.OB]] || Raphe Obscurus Nucleus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference) | + | | [[BrainAreaLMC|LMC]] || [[BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_OB|LMC.HL.RP.OB]] || Raphe Obscurus Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) |
|} | |} | ||
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(generated) | (generated) | ||
| − | * [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/intrahypothalamic.png Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance] - see [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Reference] | + | * [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/intrahypothalamic.png Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance] - see [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Reference] (CL.INTRAHYPOTHALAMIC) |
| − | <img src="http:// | + | AH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH|Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.AH]] |
| + | ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]] | ||
| + | DMN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]] | ||
| + | LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]] | ||
| + | MPOA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]] | ||
| + | PA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]] | ||
| + | SCH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]] | ||
| + | SON=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO|Supraoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SO]] | ||
| + | VMN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]] | ||
| + | <img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/812cda92ff47d048aeb22ce670a9a9fb.png" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;"> | ||
| − | * [http://www.dana.org/uploadedImages/Images/Content_Images/SenBodyFunc2_PR2007_cont.jpg Eating and sleeping to survive] - see [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Reference] | + | * [http://www.dana.org/uploadedImages/Images/Content_Images/SenBodyFunc2_PR2007_cont.jpg Eating and sleeping to survive] - see [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Reference] (CP.DMH-CYCLES) |
| − | <img src="http:// | + | ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]] |
| + | DMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]] | ||
| + | LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]] | ||
| + | MPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]] | ||
| + | PVH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]] | ||
| + | SCN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]] | ||
| + | VLPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO|Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]] | ||
| + | VMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]] | ||
| + | <img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/aaf05c2cb0453d5f112754ade7c03956.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;"> | ||
| − | * [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference] | + | * [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference] (CM.ONUF) |
| − | <img src="http:// | + | CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]]) |
| + | DVM=[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN|Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]] | ||
| + | IMG=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_IMG|Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG]] | ||
| + | IML=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML]] | ||
| + | LC=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC|Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]] | ||
| + | MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]]) | ||
| + | MPOA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]] | ||
| + | NBM=[[BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM|Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM]] | ||
| + | ONF=[[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF]] | ||
| + | PBN=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]] | ||
| + | PEL=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_PPG|Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG]] | ||
| + | PU=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT|Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT]] | ||
| + | PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]] | ||
| + | SNC=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]] | ||
| + | SPS=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS]] | ||
| + | VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]] | ||
| + | ZI=[[BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD|Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI]] | ||
| + | <img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/b3238c9c6efdcfa004931bec8815fc0b.jpeg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;"> | ||
Latest revision as of 18:27, 28 April 2019
Median Preoptic Nucleus
@@Home -> BiologicalLifeResearch -> BrainAreaLAC -> BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO
This page covers biological details of component Median Preoptic Nucleus. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.
- Top-down path to region: Forebrain Diencephalon -> Hypothalamus (FD.HT) -> Anterior Hypothalamus Area (LAC.FD.HT.AHT) -> Chiasmatic Area (LAC.FD.HT.CHS) -> Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO) -> Median Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.MPO) (see Mind Maps)
- Type: nucleus
- Quality: L0
- Brain area: Lower Brain - Autonomous Control Area (LAC)
- Area circuit: Autonomic Thermoregulation (LAT)
- Role: processor.autonomic
- Function: generates thirst
- Notes to function:
- Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in median preoptic nucleus
(generated)
Components
(generated)
- no child items defined
Connectivity
(generated)
Inbound Region Connections:
| Source Area | Source Region | Source Name | Type | Role | Reference |
| FAM | FAM.FT.AM.MPD | Medial Posterior Dorsal Amygdaloid Nucleus | inhibitory-gaba | uncertain | Role for serotonin in moral behavior (AMY -> HYP, abstract) |
| FMM | FMM.FT.HC.CA1D | Distal CA1 of Hippocampus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | Feeling (HC -> HT, abstract) |
| LAC | LAC.FD.HT.DM | Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> MPO) |
| LAC.FD.HT.PRM | Premammillary Nucleus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | (unknown reference) | |
| LAC.FD.HT.SCN | Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (SCH -> MPOA) | |
| LAC.HL.TGS.PE5 | Peritrigeminal Nucleus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | (unknown reference) | |
| NDM | NDM.FD.TH.PV | Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | (unknown reference) |
Outbound Region Connections:
| Target Area | Target Region | Target Name | Type | Role | Reference |
| FAM | FAM.FD.TH.PT | Paratenial Nucleus of Thalamus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | (unknown reference) |
| LAC | LAC.FD.HT.AH | Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> AH) |
| LAC.FD.HT.PV | Paraventricular Nucleus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> PA) | |
| LAC.FD.HT.SO | Supraoptic Nucleus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> SON) | |
| LMC | LMC.HL.RP.OB | Raphe Obscurus Nucleus | excitatory-glu | uncertain | (unknown reference) |
Thirdparty Circuits
(generated)
- Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance - see Reference (CL.INTRAHYPOTHALAMIC)
AH=Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.AH ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR DMN=Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN MPOA=Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO PA=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV SCH=Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN SON=Supraoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SO VMN=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM
- Eating and sleeping to survive - see Reference (CP.DMH-CYCLES)
ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR DMH=Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN MPO=Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO PVH=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV SCN=Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN VLPO=Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO VMH=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM
- Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract - see Reference (CM.ONUF)
CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see Basal Ganglia) DVM=Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN IMG=Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG IML=Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML LC=Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex) MPOA=Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO NBM=Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM ONF=Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF PBN=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB PEL=Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG PU=Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT PVN=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV SNC=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT SPS=Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA ZI=Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI
References
(generated)
- http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf
- http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217
- http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders
