BrainCenterFD HT

Hypothalamus

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This page covers biological details of component group Hypothalamus. Component group is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

• Top-down path to center: Forebrain Diencephalon -> Hypothalamus (HTA.FD.HT) (see Mind Maps)
• Function:

(generated)

Components

(generated)

Component items:

• Mammillary Body (FD.MB)
  • Lateral Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.LMB): Generate theta rythm and relay to HC
  • Medial Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.MMB): Relay for impulses coming from AM and HC
• Anterior Hypothalamus Area (HTA.FD.HT.AHT)
  • Chiasmatic Area (HTA.FD.HT.CHS)
    • Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO): Regulates release of gonadotropic hormones, sexual differentiation
    • Supraoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SO): Blood volume or blood pressure, vasopressin release
    • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SCN): Regulate the circadian cycle, 24-hour rhythms
    • Retrochiasmatic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.RCH): Maintenance of normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function
  • Tuberal Area (HTA.FD.HT.TUB)
    • Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV): Regulate appetite and autonomic functions
    • Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.AH): Thermoregulation, panting, sweating
    • Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM): Satiety, control of eating
    • Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus (LAC.FD.HT.AR): Regulation of growth, appetite and body weight
• Posterior Hypothalamic Area (HTA.FD.HT.POS): Blood pressure, pupillary dilation
  • Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM): Blood pressure, heart rate
  • Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PN): Blood pressure, pupillary dilation
• Lateral Hypothalamic Area (HTA.FD.HT.LT): Thirst and hunger
  • Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN): feeding center
  • Lateral Tuberal Nuclei (HTA.FD.HT.LTUB)
    • Supramammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SUM): control hippocampal plasticity, determine frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm
    • Tuberomammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.TBM): sole source of histamine in the brain
    • Premammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PRM): expression of fear responses to environmental threats

Connectivity

(generated)

Internal Regions Connections:

Source Region	Target Region	Reference
Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.AH)	Premammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PRM)	(unknown reference)
Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus (LAC.FD.HT.AR)	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	(unknown reference)
	Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN)	(unknown reference)
	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	(unknown reference)
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN)	(unknown reference)
	Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	(unknown reference)
	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	(unknown reference)
Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.LTN)	Lateral Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.LMB)	(unknown reference)
	Medial Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.MMB)	(unknown reference)
Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PN)	Lateral Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.LMB)	(unknown reference)
	Medial Mammillary Nucleus (FMM.FD.MB.MMB)	(unknown reference)
Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	Supramammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SUM)	(unknown reference)
	Tuberomammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.TBM)	(unknown reference)
Premammillary Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PRM)	Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	(unknown reference)
	Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM)	(unknown reference)
Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM)	(unknown reference)
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.SCN)	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.DM)	(unknown reference)
	Paraventricular Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PV)	(unknown reference)
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.VM)	Preoptic Nucleus (LAC.FD.HT.PO)	(unknown reference)

External Connections:

External Inbound Center Connections:

Source Center	Reference
Basal Ganglia (BGA.FT.BG)	(unknown reference)
Amygdala (FAM.FT.AM)	Role for serotonin in moral behavior (AMY -> HYP, abstract)
Septal Nuclei (FAM.FT.SEP)	Cingulate Gyrus (SEP -> HT, abstract)
Thalamus (FD.TH)	(unknown reference)
Retrosubicular Area (FMM.NC.PHA.RS)	Head Direction Cell Circuit (PSUB -> LMB)
Hippocampal Formation (HBA.FT.HF)	Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (SUB -> MMB, abstract)
Myelencephalic Motor Nuclei (HL.MN)	(unknown reference)
Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei (HL.SN)	(unknown reference)
Pontine Tegmental Nuclei (HT.TG)	(unknown reference)
Ventral Tegmental Area (LMC.MM.VTA)	Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)
Retina (LPC.FD.RT)	Targets of retina neurons (Retina -> HT, abstract)
Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MM.RF)	(unknown reference)
Anterior Cingulate Area (NC.ACG)	(unknown reference)
Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex (NC.AL.OMPFC)	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (OPFC -> HT, abstract)
Rhinal Cortex (NC.PHA.RH)	Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (MedialEC -> MMB, abstract)

External Outbound Center Connections:

Target Center	Reference
Central canal (AVA.SC.CC)	(unknown reference)
Subthalamus Area (BGA.FD.STA)	(unknown reference)
Lateral Horn/Funiculus (BMA.SC.LH)	(unknown reference)
Habenula (FAM.FD.HB)	Amygdala and its network (HTS -> LHB, abstract)
Central Extended Amygdala (FAM.FT.CEAM)	(unknown reference)
Septal Nuclei (FAM.FT.SEP)	(unknown reference)
Thalamus (FD.TH)	Head Direction Cell Circuit (LMB -> AD)
Olfactory Nuclei (FT.OLF)	(unknown reference)
Hippocampal Formation (HBA.FT.HF)	(unknown reference)
Medullary Reticular Formation (HL.RF)	(unknown reference)
Pontine Nuclear Complex (HT.PN)	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (HT -> PN, abstract)
Pontine Reticular Formation (HT.RF)	Mammillary Body (LMB -> RTG)
Pontine Tegmental Nuclei (HT.TG)	Head Direction Cell Circuit (LMB -> DTN)
Locus Coeruleus (LMC.HT.LC)	(unknown reference)
Periaqueductal Gray Matter (LMC.MM.PAG)	(unknown reference)
Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon (MM.REF)	(unknown reference)
Intermediate Zone (SC.IZ)	Sympathetic and parasympathetic eye pathways (PHT -> CC)
Anterior/Ventral Horn (SC.VH)	(unknown reference)
Endocrine Glands (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE)	(unknown reference)
Paravertebral Sympathetic Ganglia (VBA.PN.SYM.PA)	(unknown reference)