Biological Life Research

Home -> BiologicalLifeResearch

This page is intended to create model of biological human brain based on open research results across the world. Related findings are structured by other research themes.

Overall Brain

Brain Areas

Approach of defining areas:

make areas functionally named and identified
do not create thalamus area to avoid mixing unrelated paths, assign thalamus nuclei to other areas
do not create limbic area to avoid mixing unrelated functions, assign limbic components to other areas
take into account all subcortical nuclei and ganglia
all areas mapped by Brodmann placed in cortical category
consider only single left hemisphere
consider area as set of groups of regions and links which serve similar function, with area corresponging to providing this function in several circuits (groups)

Area Code	Area Name	Function	Comments
aHuman
TSA	Target Sensory Area	aHuman Target Sensors	Biological Sensors
TEA	Target Effectory Area	aHuman Target Effectors	Biological Motors
Lower Brain
LPC	Peripheral Control Area	Conscious Control of Target	Sensory Ganglia, Conscious Sensory and Motor Nuclei
LRC	Motor Reflex Area	Reflexive Motor Behavior	Nuclei of Reflex Circuits Resulting in Motor Behavior and Posture Maintenance
LAC	Autonomous Control Area	Autonomic Nuclei and Ganglia	Nuclei to Control Autonomic Organs and Autonomic Ganglia
LLC	Locomotion Control Area	Learned Rythmic Movements	Locomotion Nuclei and Cerebellum
LMC	Modulatory Contol Area	Ascending and Descending Non-Specific Modulation	Includes Nuclei Projecting Both Up and Down
Forebrain
FEC	Execution Control Area	Executing Motor Sequences	Premotor and Supplemental Sequences are Wrapped out via Basal Ganglia
FAM	Affective Motivations Area	Aggregate Body and Mental Motivations	Merges Top Body Feeling and Sensory Streams
FMM	Memory Management Area	Establish Hierarchical Memory	Top of Sensory Hierarchy
Neocortical Brain
NSA	Sensory Aggregation Area	Unimodal Sensory Aggregation	Neocortical Sensory Data and Unimodal Aggregation
NPE	Polymodal Execution Area	Initiate Polymodal Execution	Aggregate polymodal data, direct to planning and decision making
NMA	Motor Aggregation Area	Motor Hierarhical Aggregation	Wrap Out Motor Sequences to Specific Motor Steps
NDM	Decision Making Area	Sensory-Drive Associations with Working Memory	Choose Actions and Create Working Memory
NCP	Conscious Personality Area	Produce Mental Feeling	Handle Pain and Errors

Brain Structure Overview

(generated)

Forebrain Diencephalon (FD):

Habenula (FAM.FD.HB)
Hypothalamus (HTA.FD.HT)
Retina (LPC.FD.RT)
Subthalamus Area (BGA.FD.STA)
Thalamus (FD.TH)

Forebrain Telencephalon (FT):

Olfactory Nuclei (FT.OLF)
Extended Amygdala
- Amygdala (FAM.FT.AM)
- Central Extended Amygdala (FAM.FT.CEAM)
- Septal Nuclei (FAM.FT.SEP)
Basal Ganglia (BGA.FT.BG)
Hippocampal Formation (HBA.FT.HF)

Hindbrain Myelencephalon (HL):

Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei (HMC.SN)
Myelencephalic Motor Nuclei (HMC.MN)
Myelencephalic Parasympathetic Nuclei (HMC.MPS)
Medullary Reticular Formation (HM.RF)

Hindbrain Metencephalon (HT):

Midbrain Mesencephalon (MM):

Perhipheral Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon (MM.PER)
Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MM.RF)
Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon (MM.REF)
Red Nucleus (LLC.MM.RD)
Periaqueductal Gray Matter (LMC.MM.PAG)
Ventral Tegmental Area (LMC.MM.VTA)

Cerebral Cortex (NC):

Anterior Lobe
- Prefrontal Cortex
  - Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (NC.AL.LPFC)
  - Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex (NC.AL.OMPFC)
- Anterior Cingulate Area (NC.ACG)
- Motor Cortex (NMA.NC.MC)
- Premotor Cortex (NC.PMC)
- Supplementary Motor Cortex (NMA.NC.SMC)
Parietal Lobe
- Inferior Parietal Lobule (NC.IPL)
- Medial Parietal Lobule (NC.MPL)
- Postcentral Gyrus
  - Parietal Operculum (NC.PO)
  - Anterior Parietal Cortex (NC.PG.APC)
  - Lateral Parietal Cortex (NC.PG.LPC)
- Superior Parietal Lobule (NC.SPL)
- Intraparietal Sulcus (NSA.NC.IPS)
Occipital Lobe (NC.LOBE.OCC)
Temporal Lobe
- Inferotemporal Area (NSA.NC.IT)
- Transverse Temporal Gyrus (NSA.NC.TTG)
- Superior Temporal Gyrus (NC.STG)
- Insular Cortex (NC.INS)
Parahippocampal Lobe
- Anterior Parahippocampal Gyrus
  - Rhinal Cortex (NC.PHA.RH)
  - Retrosubicular Area (FMM.NC.PHA.RS)
- Posterior Parahippocampal Gyrus (FMM.NC.PHP)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

Sympathetic Ganglia
- Paravertebral Sympathetic Ganglia (VBA.PN.SYM.PA)
- Prevertebral Sympathetic Ganglia (VBA.PN.SYM.PR)
Parasympathetic Ganglia
- Head and Neck Parasympathetic Ganglia (PN.PSYM.HD)
- Body Parasympathetic Ganglia (PN.PSYM.BD)
Sensory Ganglia
- Sensory Exteroception Ganglia (PN.SG.SE)
- Sensory Interoception Ganglia (PN.SG.SI)
- Vestibular Ganglion (LPC.PN.SG.VB)
- Dorsal Root Ganglia (AVA.PN.SG.DRG)

Spinal Cord (SC):

Target (TG):

Human Sensors
- Eye
  - Eye sensory data
    - Eye - rods and cones
    - Eye - somatic receptors
    - Eye - visceral receptors
  - Eye rotation motor muscles
    - Eye - inferior oblique muscle
    - Eye - inferior rectus muscle
    - Eye - medial rectus muscle
    - Eye - superior rectus muscle
    - Eye - levator palpebrae superioris muscle
    - Eye - superior oblique muscle
    - Eye - lateral rectus muscle
  - Eye pupil and accomodation motor muscles
    - Eye - ciliary muscle - sympathetic
    - Eye - ciliary muscle - parasympathetic
    - Eye - iris sphincter muscle
    - Eye - iris dilator muscle
  - Eyelid motor muscles
    - Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle:temporal
    - Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle:zygomatic
    - Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle:palpebrale
    - Eye - superior tarsal muscle
    - Eye - inferior tarsal muscle
    - Eye - orbitalis muscle
  - Eye glands
    - Eye - lacrimal gland
    - Eye - lacrimal gland and conjunctiva receptors
- Ear
  - Ear sound sensory data
    - Ear - inner hair cells
    - Ear - outer hair cells feedback
    - Ear - somatic receptors
    - Ear - outer ear skin
    - Ear - acoustic meatus skin
    - Ear - visceral receptors
    - Ear - timpanic cavity
  - Ear vestibular sensory data
    - Ear - semicircular canals, cristae
    - Ear - utricle, maculae
    - Ear - saccule, maculae
  - Ear sound sensory control
    - Ear - outer hair cells
    - Ear - stapedius muscle
    - Ear - tympanic membrane muscle
  - Ear move muscles
    - Ear - anterior auricular muscle
    - Ear - posterior auricular muscle
    - Ear - superior auricular muscle
    - Ear - oblique muscle of auricle
    - Ear - temporoparietalis muscle
- Nose
  - Nose sensory data
    - Nose - volatile
    - Nose - nonvolatile
    - Nose - proprioceptors
    - Nose - touch receptors
    - Nose - visceral nodose receptors
    - Nose - visceral pharynx receptors
  - Ear sensory control
    - Nose - nasal glands
  - Nose move muscles
    - Nose - depressor septi nasi muscle
    - Nose - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
    - Nose - nasalis muscle
    - Nose - salpingopharyngeus muscle
Human Effectors
- Heart
  - Heart - NE receptors of atrium muscles
  - Heart - upper cardiac muscle
  - Heart - lower cardiac muscle, middle
  - Heart - lower cardiac muscle, stellar
  - Heart - ACh receptors of atrium muscles
  - Heart - baroreceptors in aorta
  - Heart - baroreceptors in carotid artery
  - Heart - visceral receptors
- Immunity glands and meninges
  - Protector sensory data
    - Protector - cranial meninges
    - Protector - tentorium cerebelli dura mater visceral receptors
  - Protector tonsils
    - Protector - palatine tonsil
    - Protector - lingual tonsil
    - Protector - pharyngeal tonsils
  - Protector mucous glands
    - Protector - hard palate mucous gland
    - Protector - soft palate mucous gland
- Mouth feeder
  - Feeder salivatory glands
    - Feeder - parotid gland
    - Feeder - submandibular gland
    - Feeder - sublingual gland
  - Feeder taste sensation
    - Feeder - tongue gustatory hair cell
    - Feeder - epiglottis
    - Feeder - soft palate sparse taste receptors
  - Feeder tongue muscles
    - Feeder - genioglossus muscle
    - Feeder - hyoglossus muscle
    - Feeder - styloglossus muscle
    - Feeder - chondroglossus muscle
    - Feeder - palatoglossus muscle
    - Feeder - transverse muscle of tongue
    - Feeder - vertical muscle of tongue
    - Feeder - inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
    - Feeder - stylohyoid muscle
    - Feeder - superior longitudinal muscle of tongue
  - Feeder swallowing muscles and helper components
    - Feeder - digastric muscle, facial
    - Feeder - digastric muscle, trigeminal
    - Feeder - geniohyoid muscle
    - Feeder - mylohyoid muscle
    - Feeder - inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
    - Feeder - middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
    - Feeder - superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
    - Feeder - uvula receptors
    - Feeder - musculus uvulae muscle
    - Feeder - levator veli palatini muscle
    - Feeder - tensor veli palatini muscle
    - Feeder - buccinator muscle
  - Feeder chewing muscles
    - Feeder - teeth
    - Feeder - masseter muscle
    - Feeder - lateral pterygoid muscle
    - Feeder - medial pterygoid muscle
    - Feeder - temporal muscle
    - Feeder - proprioception receptors of masticatory muscles
- Mouth speaker
  - Speaker sensory data
    - Speaker - palatine tonsil receptors
  - Speaker phonatory muscles
    - Speaker - lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
    - Speaker - arytenoid muscle
    - Speaker - cricothyroid muscle
    - Speaker - thyroarytenoid muscle
    - Speaker - oblique arytenoid muscle
    - Speaker - posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
    - Speaker - thyroepiglottic muscle
    - Speaker - aryepiglottic muscle
  - Speaker respiratory larynx muscles
    - Speaker - thyrohyoid muscle
    - Speaker - omohyoid muscle
    - Speaker - palatopharyngeus muscle
    - Speaker - sternohyoid muscle
    - Speaker - sternothyroid muscle
    - Speaker - levator muscle of thyroid gland
- Face
  - Face sensory data
    - Face - face skin
    - Face - parotid skin
  - Face scalp muscles
    - Face - corrugator supercilii muscle
    - Face - depressor supercilii muscle
    - Face - frontalis muscle
    - Face - occipitalis muscle
  - Face upper lip muscles
    - Face - levator labii superioris muscle
    - Face - procerus muscle
    - Face - zygomaticus minor muscle
  - Face lower lip muscles
    - Face - platysma muscle
    - Face - depressor labii inferioris muscle
    - Face - risorius muscle
    - Face - mentalis muscle
    - Face - transverse muscle of the chin
  - Face surround and mouth corners muscles
    - Face - orbicularis oris muscle
    - Face - zygomaticus major muscle, buccal
    - Face - zygomaticus major muscle, proper
    - Face - levator anguli oris muscle
    - Face - depressor anguli oris muscle
- Neck
  - Neck sensory data
    - Neck - cutaneous receptors of low neck
  - Neck flexors
    - Neck - scalenus anterior muscle
    - Neck - scalenus medius muscle
    - Neck - scalenus posterior muscle
    - Neck - longus capitis muscle
    - Neck - longus colli muscle
    - Neck - rectus capitis anterior muscle
    - Neck - rectus capitis lateralis muscle
    - Neck - sternocleidomastoid muscle
  - Neck extensors
    - Neck - obliquus capitis inferior muscle
    - Neck - obliquus capitis superior muscle
    - Neck - rectus capitis posterior major muscle
    - Neck - rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
    - Neck - semispinalis capitis
    - Neck - splenius capitis muscle
    - Neck - splenius cervicis muscle
- Liver
  - Liver sensory data
    - Liver - glucose and osmoreceptors
    - Liver - visceral receptors
  - Liver - abdominal alimentary tract glands
- Stomach
  - Stomach sensory data
    - Stomach - stomach nutrition sensor
  - Stomach gastrointestinal tract
    - Stomach - outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscles
    - Stomach - mucosal gastric glands
    - Stomach - enzyme glands
    - Stomach - small intestine
    - Stomach - duodentum
    - Stomach - colon
  - Stomach extractors
    - Stomach - spleen
    - Stomach - kidney
- Lung
  - Lung sensory data
    - Lung - pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies
    - Lung - pericardium and pleura receptors
    - Lung - pulmonary stretch receptors
  - Lung visceral activity
    - Lung - glands of trachea, lungs, and bronchi
    - Lung - smooth muscles of trachea and bronchial tree
  - Lung breath muscles
    - Lung - thoracic diaphragm
    - Lung - stylopharyngeus muscle
- Hand
  - Hand somatic sensory data
    - Hand - hand somatic receptors
  - Hand shoulder
    - Hand shoulder flexors
      - Hand - infraspinatus muscle
      - Hand - supraspinatus muscle
      - Hand - deltoid muscle, anterior
      - Hand - coracobrachialis muscle
      - Hand - levator claviculae muscle
      - Hand - levator scapulae muscle, roots
      - Hand - levator scapulae muscle, scapular
      - Hand - pectoralis major muscle
      - Hand - rhomboid major muscle
      - Hand - rhomboid minor muscle
      - Hand - serratus anterior muscle
      - Hand - sternalis muscle
    - Hand shoulder extensors
      - Hand - subscapularis muscle, lower
      - Hand - subscapularis muscle, upper
      - Hand - teres major muscle
      - Hand - latissimus dorsi muscle
      - Hand - deltoid muscle, lateral and posterior
      - Hand - pectoralis minor muscle
      - Hand - subclavius muscle
      - Hand - trapezius muscle
  - Hand elbow
    - Hand elbow flexors
      - Hand - biceps muscle
      - Hand - brachialis muscle
      - Hand - pronator quadratus muscle
      - Hand - pronator teres muscle
    - Hand elbow extensors
      - Hand - teres minor muscle
      - Hand - triceps brachii muscle, axillary
      - Hand - triceps brachii muscle, radial
      - Hand - articularis cubiti muscle
      - Hand - supinator muscle
      - Hand - anconeus muscle
      - Hand - brachioradialis muscle
  - Hand wrist
    - Hand wrist flexors
      - Hand - flexor carpi radialis muscle
      - Hand - flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
      - Hand - flexor digitorum profundus muscle, interosseous
      - Hand - palmaris longus muscle
      - Hand - palmaris brevis muscle
    - Hand wrist extensors
      - Hand - extensor digiti minimi muscle
      - Hand - extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
      - Hand - extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
  - Hand fingers
    - Hand fingers flexors
      - Hand - flexor pollicis longus muscle
      - Hand - flexor pollicis brevis muscle, median
      - Hand - flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
      - Hand - abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand
      - Hand - abductor pollicis brevis muscle
      - Hand - adductor pollicis muscle
      - Hand - dorsal interossei muscles of the hand
      - Hand - flexor digiti minimi brevis of hand
      - Hand - flexor digitorum profundus muscle, ulnar
      - Hand - flexor pollicis brevis muscle, ulnar
      - Hand - lumbricals of the hand muscles, median
      - Hand - lumbricals of the hand muscles, ulnar
      - Hand - opponens digiti minimi muscle
      - Hand - opponens pollicis muscle
      - Hand - palmar interossei muscles
    - Hand fingers extensors
      - Hand - abductor pollicis longus muscle
      - Hand - extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
      - Hand - extensor digitorum muscle
      - Hand - extensor indicis muscle
      - Hand - extensor pollicis brevis muscle
      - Hand - extensor pollicis longus muscle
- Leg
  - Leg somatic sensory data
    - Leg - somatic receptors
  - Leg thigh
    - Leg thigh flexors
      - Leg - piriformis muscle
      - Leg - adductor brevis muscle
      - Leg - adductor longus muscle
      - Leg - adductor magnus muscle, obturator
      - Leg - adductor magnus muscle, tibial
      - Leg - adductor minimus muscle, obturator
      - Leg - adductor minimus muscle, tibial
      - Leg - biceps femoris muscle, tibial
      - Leg - gemellus inferior muscle
      - Leg - gemellus superior muscle
      - Leg - gluteus medius muscle
      - Leg - gluteus minimus muscle
      - Leg - gracilis muscle
      - Leg - iliacus muscle
      - Leg - obturator externus muscle
      - Leg - obturator internus muscle
      - Leg - pectineus muscle, femoral
      - Leg - pectineus muscle, obturator
      - Leg - psoas major muscle
      - Leg - psoas minor muscle
      - Leg - quadratus femoris muscle
      - Leg - sartorius muscle
      - Leg - tensor fasciae latae muscle
    - Leg thigh extensors
      - Leg - gluteus maximus muscle
  - Leg knee
    - Leg knee flexors
      - Leg - gastrocnemius muscle
      - Leg - popliteus muscle
      - Leg - biceps femoris muscle, peroneal
      - Leg - semimembranosus muscle
      - Leg - semitendinosus muscle
    - Leg knee extensors
      - Leg - articularis genu muscle
      - Leg - obliquus genu muscle
      - Leg - rectus femoris muscle
      - Leg - vastus intermedius muscle
      - Leg - vastus lateralis muscle
      - Leg - vastus medialis muscle
  - Leg foot
    - Leg foot flexors
      - Leg - tibialis posterior muscle
      - Leg - abductor hallucis muscle
      - Leg - plantaris muscle
      - Leg - quadratus plantae muscle
      - Leg - adductor hallucis muscle
      - Leg - accessory soleus muscle
      - Leg - fibularis brevis muscle
      - Leg - fibularis longus muscle
      - Leg - soleus muscle
    - Leg foot extensors
      - Leg - fibularis tertius muscle
      - Leg - tibialis anterior muscle
      - Leg - extensor hallucis brevis muscle
  - Leg fingers
    - Leg fingers flexors
      - Leg - flexor digitorum longus muscle
      - Leg - flexor hallucis longus muscle
      - Leg - abductor digiti minimi muscle of foot
      - Leg - flexor digitorum brevis muscle
      - Leg - lumbrical muscle of foot, lateral
      - Leg - lumbrical muscle of foot, medial
      - Leg - flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle of foot
      - Leg - flexor hallucis brevis muscle
      - Leg - dorsal interossei muscles of the foot
      - Leg - plantar interossei muscles
    - Leg fingers extensors
      - Leg - extensor digitorum brevis muscle
      - Leg - extensor digitorum longus muscle
      - Leg - extensor hallucis longus muscle
- Trunk
  - Trunk sensory data
    - Trunk - upper somatic receptors
    - Trunk - lower somatic receptors
  - Trunk back
    - Trunk back flexors
      - Trunk - iliocostalis muscle
      - Trunk - rotatores muscles
      - Trunk - spinalis muscle
    - Trunk back extensors
      - Trunk - semispinalis dorsi (thoracis)
      - Trunk - interspinales muscles
      - Trunk - intertransversarii muscle
      - Trunk - levatores costarum muscles
      - Trunk - longissimus muscle
      - Trunk - multifidus muscle
      - Trunk - quadratus lumborum muscle
      - Trunk - semispinalis cervicis
  - Trunk chest
    - Trunk chest flexors
      - Trunk - external intercostal muscles
      - Trunk - serratus posterior superior muscle
    - Trunk chest extensors
      - Trunk - subcostalis muscle
      - Trunk - transversus thoracis muscle
      - Trunk - internal intercostal muscles
      - Trunk - serratus posterior inferior muscle
  - Trunk abdomen
    - Trunk abdomen flexors
      - Trunk - rectus abdominis muscle
      - Trunk - abdominal internal oblique muscle
      - Trunk - pyramidalis muscle
      - Trunk - abdominal external oblique muscle
    - Trunk abdomen extensors
      - Trunk - transversus abdominis muscle
- Breast
  - Breast - skin receptors
  - Breast - nipple smooth muscles
- Genitalia
  - Genitalia - sensations
    - Genitalia - utetovaginal visceral receptors
    - Genitalia - visceral sexual receptors
  - Genitalia - urination and support muscles
    - Genitalia - bulbospongiosus muscle
    - Genitalia - pubococcygeus muscle
  - Genitalia - erection muscles
    - Genitalia - ischiocavernosus muscle
    - Genitalia - man erection muscles
      - Genitalia - corpus cavernosum penis
    - Genitalia - woman erection muscles
      - Genitalia - uterus, sympathetic contractors
      - Genitalia - parasympathetic uterus vasodilators
      - Genitalia - vagina, sympathetic vasoconstrictors
      - Genitalia - parasympathetic vaginal vasodilators
      - Genitalia - corpus cavernosum clitoridis
  - Genitalia - ejaculation muscles and glands, pregnancy and lifecycle support
    - Genitalia - man ejaculation muscles and glands
      - Genitalia - cowper gland
      - Genitalia - prostate gland
      - Genitalia - vas deferens
      - Genitalia - deep transverse perineal muscle, penis
    - Genitalia - woman ejaculation muscles and glands
      - Genitalia - bartholin gland
      - Genitalia - skenes gland
      - Genitalia - cervix
      - Genitalia - deep transverse perineal muscle, clitoris
  - Genitalia - scrotum muscles
    - Genitalia - cremaster muscle
    - Genitalia - dartos muscle
- Ureter
  - Ureter sensory data
    - Ureter - ureter visceral receptors
  - Ureter autonomic
    - Ureter - detrusor urinae muscle, parasympathetic
    - Ureter - internal sphincter muscle of urethra, parasympathetic
    - Ureter - detrusor urinae muscle, sympathetic
    - Ureter - internal sphincter muscle of urethra, sympathetic
  - Ureter conscious
    - Ureter - external sphincter muscle of female urethra
    - Ureter - external sphincter muscle of male urethra
- Rectum
  - Rectum sensory data
    - Rectum - large intestine visceral receptors
  - Rectum autonomic
    - Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle, parasympathetic
    - Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle, sympathetic
  - Rectum conscious flexors
    - Rectum - superficial transverse perineal muscle
    - Rectum - corrugator cutis ani muscle
    - Rectum - sphincter ani externus muscle
  - Rectum conscious extensors
    - Rectum - puborectalis muscle
    - Rectum - coccygeus muscle
    - Rectum - iliococcygeus muscle
- Blood vessels
  - Head vessels
    - Vessels - parotid gland vasoconstrictors
    - Vessels - submandibular gland vasoconstrictors
    - Vessels - sublingual gland vasoconstrictors
  - Body vessels
    - Vessels - heart blood vessels
    - Vessels - thorathic arterial vasoconstrictors
    - Vessels - breast blood vessels
    - Vessels - stomach blood vessels
    - Vessels - liver blood vessels
    - Vessels - renal blood vessels
  - Limb vessels
    - Vessels - wall of brachial artery smooth muscles
    - Vessels - arm blood vessels
    - Vessels - forearm blood vessels
- Endocrine Glands
  - Endocrine head
    - Endocrine - pineal gland
  - Endocrine neck
    - Endocrine - thyroid gland
    - Endocrine - parathyroid gland
  - Endocrine body
    - Endocrine - pancreas
      - Endocrine - pancreas, sympathetic
      - Endocrine - pancreas, parasympathetic
    - Endocrine - adrenal gland
  - Endocrine - gonads
    - Endocrine - testicle gland
    - Endocrine - ovary gland

Circuits

(generated)

BiologicalLifeResearch

Contents

Overall Brain

Brain Areas

Brain Structure Overview

Circuits

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Project

Tools