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Biological Mind Tracts

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This page is intended to describe set of descending tracts

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Tract Details

(generated)

TRACT SET: *Descending Tracts*

* TRACT ATS: *autonomic tracts system* (descending autonomic fibers); directs activity of glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscle; path: {cortex, HT, AM, RF} -> {sympathetic and parasympathetic}

• [HTST]: *hypothalamospinal tract*; control autonomic components (descend in dorsolateral funiculus; oculosympathetic pathway; next to superior cervical ganglion to common carotid - internal carotid - long ciliary nerves to pupillary dilator); path: {paraventrical nucleus of hypothalamus} -> {IML, sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; ciliospinal center of IML (T1,T2)}

* 

• [SSS]: *solitariospinal system*; autonomic control of breathing (respiratory, vomiting and micturition functions); path: {ventrolateral solitary nucleus, retroambiguus nucleus} -> {diaphragm}

* 
* [SSET]: *solitariospinal expiratory tract*; facilitate expiratory motor neurons to intercostal muscles (nucleus ambiguus - cranial division innervates muscles of the ipsilateral accessory muscles of respiration, principally via the vagus; nucleus retroambiguus - caudal division provides inspiratory and expiratory drive to the motor neurones of the intercostal muscles); path: {parabrachial nucleus to nucleus ambiguus, nucleus retroambiguus} -> {internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles}
 * 
* [SSIT]: *solitariospinal inpiratory tract*; facilitate inspiratory motor neurons in phrenic nucleus (neck muscles, external intercostal muscles - conscious forced inspiration; pneumotaxic center = medial parabrachial nucleus + kolliker-fuse nucleus, breathing frequency); path: {kolliker-fuse nucleus, receptors to solitary nucleus} -> {phrenic nucleus, inspiratory; diaphragm}
 * 
* TRACT ESS: *extensor somatic system*; control extensor muscles

• [ACST]: *anterior corticospinal tract* (ventral corticospinal tract); extensor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious (premotor BA 6, parietal BA 1,2,3)

* 
* path *ACST.VL*: conscious control of distal extensors (premotor cortex to spinal cord VL); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Dorsal Caudal Premotor Cortex,NMA.NC.PMC.F2 -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VL
* path *ACST.VM*: conscious control of axial extensors (premotor cortex to spinal cord VM); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Supplementary Motor Area,NMA.NC.SMC.F3 -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VM Ventromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VM

• [MLFS]: *medial longitudinal fasciculus system*; connects the cranial nerve nuclei III (oculomotor nerve), IV (trochlear nerve) and VI (abducens nerve) together, and integrates movements directed by the gaze centers (frontal eye field) and information about head movement (from cranial nerve VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve) (connects together III, IV, and VI; integral component of saccadic eye movements as well as vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes; tectospinal and vestibulospinal); path: {vestibular nucleus} -> {}

* [TCST]: *tectospinal tract*; mediate reflex postural movements of head in response to visual and auditory stimuli (extrapyramidal; in response to bright and sudden movements and loud noises)
 * 
* [VST]: *vestibulospinal tract*; alter muscle tone, extend, and change position of limbs and head with goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of body and head; maintain balance and to stabilize the visual image on the retina during head movements (extrapyramidal; proximal muscles, postural control; activates extensors, inhibits flexors; vestibular nuclei receive their primary input from the vestibular portion of C.N. VIII - vestibular-auditory)
 * 
 * [LVST]: *lateral vestibulospinal tract*; maintain an upright and balanced posture by stimulating extensor motor neurons in legs (also innervates muscles of the trunk, thus additionally aiding in body posture; lateral vestibular nuclei receive input from cerebellum); path: {lateral vestibular nucleus; additional input from superior and inferior vestibular nuclei} -> {extensor muscles of legs}
  * 
 * [MVST]: *medial vestibulospinal tract*; controls position of the head, neck, and eyes in response to changes in posture (controlling lower motor neurons associated with the spinal accessory nerve - CN XI; additionally, projects superiorly to the paramedian pontine reticular formation, indirectly innervating the nuclei of CN VI and III); path: {medial vestibular nucleus} -> {spinal accessory nucleus, paramedian pontine reticular formation}
  * 

• [RTSS]: *reticulospinal system*; locomotion and postural control (extrapyramidal; proximal muscles, postural control; integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture; facilitates and inhibits voluntary movement; influences muscle tone; mediates autonomic functions; modulates pain impulses; influences blood flow to lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus)

* 
* TRACT MRST: *medullary reticulospinal tract* (lateral reticulospinal tract); inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement; path: {Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus} -> {extensor muscles}
 * 
* TRACT PRST: *pontine reticulospinal tract* (medial reticulospinal tract); exciting anti-gravity, extensor muscles; path: {Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus} -> {extensor muscles}
 * 
* TRACT FSS: *flexor somatic system*; control flexor muscles

• [CBT]: *corticobulbar tract*; carrying the motor function of the non-oculomotor cranial nerves (V, VII, XI, and XII; indirectly - via IX and X in nucleus ambiguus)

* 
* path *CBT.FACE*: conscious face expression (cortex to face muscles); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLPC_HP_FCM Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HP.FCM
* path *CBT.MOUTH*: conscious jaw move (cortex to jaw muscles); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLPC_HP_PTP_TRM Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HP.PTP.TRM
* path *CBT.NECK*: conscious neck move (cortex to neck muscles); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN
* path *CBT.THROAT*: conscious pharynx/larynx move (cortex to throat muscles); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLPC_HM_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HM.AMB
* path *CBT.TONGUE*: conscious tongue move (cortex to tongue muscles); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLPC_HM_HYG Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HM.HYG

• [LSTT]: *lateral corticospinal tract*; flexor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious; volitional skilled motor activity (90 percents of corticospinal fibers; 80 percents - contrallateral; 10 percents - unilateral; cervical-medial, thoracic, lumbar-lateral, distal muscles, decussating to contralateral and ipsilateral); path: {cortex BA 1-4,6} -> {muscle groups that require concentration and conscious thought to control; upper limb digits}

* 
* path *LCST.PL*: conscious control of proximal flexors (cortex to spinal cord PL); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PL
* path *LCST.PM*: conscious control of axial flexors (cortex to spinal cord PM); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PM
* path *LCST.RPL*: conscious control of distal flexors (cortex to spinal cord RPL); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_RPL Retroposterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.RPL

• [RBST]: *rubrospinal tract*; mediation of voluntary movement, upper limbs; control of flexor tone (extrapyramidal; activates flexors, inhibits extensors; pattern locomotion, inhibit reflex activity in spinal cord)

* 
* path *RBST.CR*: automatic control of flexors (cerebellum to red nucleus); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Cerebellum,LLC.HP.CR (Cerebrocerebellum,LLC.HP.CR.CC, BrainRegionLLC_HP_CR_SC Spinocerebellum,LLC.HP.CR.SC, BrainRegionLLC_HP_CR_VC Vestibulocerebellum,LLC.HP.CR.VC, BrainRegionLLC_HP_CR_DN Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HP.CR.DN, BrainRegionLLC_HP_CR_EN Emboliform Nucleus,LLC.HP.CR.EN, BrainRegionLLC_HP_CR_GN Globose Nucleus,LLC.HP.CR.GN, BrainRegionLLC_HP_CR_FN Fastigual Nucleus,LLC.HP.CR.FN) -> BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD
* path *RBST.MC*: conscious modulation of automatic flexors activity (cortex to red nucleus); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC -> BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD
* path *RBST.PL*: automatic control of proximal flexors (red nucleus to spinal cord PL); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PL
* path *RBST.PM*: automatic control of axial flexors (red nucleus to spinal cord PM); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PM
* path *RBST.RPL*: automatic control of distal flexors (red nucleus to spinal cord RPL); FIBERS={MA; MG}, ENDINGS={A-alpha-Ia-motor,A-beta-motor}: Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD -> BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_RPL Retroposterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.RPL