Revision as of 12:53, 15 June 2016

Cranial Human Nerves

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This page is intended to list all nerves of biological human, which connect mind to human limbs and visceral organs. Related findings are structured by other research themes.

CRANIAL NERVES - FACE

(generated)

motor nuclei/ganglia:

Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB; NERVES={accessory nerve, internal}
Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM; NERVES={auricular nerve, posterior, auricular branch; auricular nerve, posterior, occipital branch; facial nerve, mouth opening muscles; facial nerve, buccal branch; facial nerve, cervical branch; facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch; facial nerve, temporal branch; facial nerve, zygomatic branch; stapedius nerve}
Otic Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.OTG; NERVES={auriculotemporal nerve, parotid branch}
Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG; NERVES={nasopalatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers; palatine nerves, parasympathetic fibers; petrosal nerve, greater, to lacrimal gland; pharyngeal nerve}
Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN; NERVES={accessory nerve, external}
Submandibular Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SXG; NERVES={chorda tympani, parasympathetic; sublingual nerve}
Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM; NERVES={nerves to masticatory muscles; mylohyoid nerve}
Ventromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VM; NERVES={accessory nerve, external}

sensory nuclei/ganglia:

Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG; NERVES={auricular nerve, posterior, auricular branch; communicating branch of chorda tympani with lingual nerve; palatine nerves, lesser, parasympathetic fibers}
Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.MM.MSTR; NERVES={nerves to masticatory muscles}
Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG; NERVES={buccal nerve; mandibular nerve, meningeal branch; auricular nerves, anterior; auriculotemporal nerve, branch to tympanic membrane; auriculotemporal nerve, branches communicating with facial nerve; nerve of external acoustic meatus; inferior alveolar nerve, dental branches; inferior alveolar nerve, gingival branches; mental nerve; lingual nerve, branch to isthmus of fauces; lingual nerve, lingual branch; sublingual nerve; alveolar nerves, superior, posterior branch; nasopalatine nerve, sensory fibers; palatine nerve, sensory fibers; alveolar nerves, superior, anterior and middle branches; infraorbital nerve, external nasal branch; infraorbital nerve, inferior palpebral branch; internal nasal nerve; superior labial branch; maxillary nerve, meningeal branch; zygomatic nerve; frontal nerve; lacrimal nerve; ciliary nerves, sensory fibers; ethmoidal nerve; infratrochlear nerve; tentorial nerve}

nerves:

accessory nerve (MA:ACCESSORY NERVE; eleventh cranial nerve, XI); MODALITY={cranial motor, flexor motor, extensor motor}

unavailable

- accessory nerve, external; ORIGIN={by spinal roots from the side of the spinal cord (from the upper three or more cervical segments), from the nucleus of accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={the external branch branches to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (shoulder)}; MODALITY={flexor motor, extensor motor}; MUSCLES={Hand - trapezius muscle - Descending (superior) part elevates; ascending (inferior) part depresses; and middle part (or all parts together) retracts scapula; descending and ascending parts act together to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly; Neck - sternocleidomastoid muscle - Acting alone, tilts head to its own side and rotates it so the face is turned towards the opposite side. Acting together, flexes the neck, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration.}
  - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN -> Neck,TARGET.TEA.NECK}
  - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Ventromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VM -> Neck,TARGET.TEA.NECK}
- accessory nerve, internal; ORIGIN={by cranial ROOTS from side of medulla oblongata, from ambiguus nucleus}; DISTRIBUTION={internal branch to vagus and thereby to palate, pharynx, larynx, and thoracic viscera, pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of vagus, muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate}; MODALITY={cranial motor}
  - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB -> Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER}
facial nerve (MA:FACIAL NERVE; seventh cranial nerve, VII); ORIGIN={inferior border of pons, between olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={various structures of face, head, and neck}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}

unavailable

- auricular nerve, posterior (MA:POSTERIOR AURICULAR NERVE; facial nerve, occipital branch, facial nerve proper); ORIGIN={facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={posterior auricular and occipitofrontal muscles and skin of external acoustic meatus}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={Ear - posterior auricular muscle - pulls ear backward; Ear - superior auricular muscle - pulls ear upward}
  - auricular nerve, posterior, auricular branch (MA:CUTANEOUS BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={supplies the auricularis posterior and the intrinsic muscles on the cranial surface of the auricula, in some mammals these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna (outer ear); CN X sensory from ear skin}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={Ear - oblique muscle of auricle - movement of the ears}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG}
    - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR}
  - auricular nerve, posterior, occipital branch (MA:OCCIPITAL BRANCH OF POSTERIOR AURICULAR NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={supplies the occipitalis muscles to move the scalp}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Face - occipitalis muscle - moves the scalp back}
    - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE}
- facial nerve, mouth opening muscles; MODALITY={cranial motor}
  - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER}
  - facial nerve, digastric branch (MA:DIGASTRIC BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE); BRANCHES={muscular branches to posterior belly of digastric, communicating branch to the glossopharyngeal nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={posterior belly of digastric muscle, digastric muscle contraction elevates the hyoid bone}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - digastric muscle, facial - opens the jaw when the masseter and the temporalis are relaxed; elevate hyoid bone to open mouth}
  - facial nerve, stylohyoid branch (MA:STYLOHYOID BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={supplies mid portion of the stylohyoid muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - stylohyoid muscle - elevate the hyoid during swallowing}
- facial nerve, muscles of facial expression; MODALITY={cranial motor}

unavailable

- - facial nerve, buccal branch (MA:BUCCAL BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={superficial branches to superficial face muscles; upper deep branches to zygomaticus major, minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; lower deep branches to buccinator, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Face - levator anguli oris muscle - smile (elevates angle of mouth); Face - orbicularis oris muscle - pucker the lips; Face - procerus muscle - draws down the medial angle of the eyebrow giving expressions of frowning; Face - risorius muscle - draw back angle of mouth; Face - zygomaticus major muscle, buccal - draws angle of mouth upward and laterally; Face - zygomaticus minor muscle - elevates upper lip; Feeder - buccinator muscle - compress the cheeks against the teeth (blowing), mastication; Nose - depressor septi nasi muscle - depression of nasal septum; Nose - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle - dilates the nostril; elevates the upper lip and wing of the nose; Nose - nasal glands - anterior - moisturize the nasal mucosa; bowman - help the olfactory region with smelling; Nose - nasalis muscle - compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose, elevates corners of nostrils, dilation of nostrils}
    - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE}
  - facial nerve, cervical branch (MA:CERVICAL BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={muscular branches to platysma; communicating branch to transverse cervical nerve}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Face - platysma muscle - Draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly and widens it (as in expressions of sadness and fright). Also draws the skin of the neck superiorly when teeth are clenched}
    - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE}
  - facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch (MA:MARGINAL MANDIBULAR BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={muscular branches to risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Face - depressor anguli oris muscle - depresses angle of mouth; Face - depressor labii inferioris muscle - depress the lower lip; Face - mentalis muscle - elevates and wrinkles skin of chin, protrudes lower lip; Face - transverse muscle of the chin - assist with pulling the lower lip downward and help to tighten the skin over the chin}
    - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE}
  - facial nerve, temporal branch (MA:TEMPORAL BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={muscular branches to frontal belly of occipitofrontalis, anterior/posterior auricular muscle, orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii; communicating branches to supraorbital nerve, lacrimal nerve}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Ear - anterior auricular muscle - pulls ear forward; Ear - temporoparietalis muscle - assist the frontal belly in drawing the epicranial aponeurosis towards the front of the cranium; Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle - closes the eyelids; Face - corrugator supercilii muscle - wrinkles forehead; Face - frontalis muscle - raises the eyebrows}
    - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE}
  - facial nerve, zygomatic branch (MA:ZYGOMATIC BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={muscular branches to orbicularis oculi; communicating branch to zygomaticofacial nerve}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle - closes the eyelids; Face - depressor supercilii muscle - depression of eyebrow; Face - levator labii superioris muscle - elevates the upper lip; Face - zygomaticus major muscle, proper - draws angle of mouth upward and laterally}
    - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE}
- intermediate nerve (MA:NERVUS INTERMEDIUS); ORIGIN={the smaller root of the facial nerve, lying between the main root and the vestibulocochlear nerve; it joins the main root at, or merges with, the geniculate ganglion at the geniculum of the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={lacrimal, nasal, palatine, submandibular, and sublingual glands, and anterior two-thirds of tongue}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
  - chorda tympani (MA:CHORDA TYMPANI); ORIGIN={branch of the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion to submandibular, sublingual and buccal glands; supplying the submandibular and sublingual glands and the anterior two thirds of the tongue (taste)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}

unavailable

- - - chorda tympani, parasympathetic; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - submandibular gland - one of major salivary glands; promotes the secretion of saliva}
      - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL -> Submandibular Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SXG -> Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER}
    - communicating branch of chorda tympani with lingual nerve; ORIGIN={terminal branch of chorda tympani joining the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa}; DISTRIBUTION={conveys sensory fibers for taste from anterior two thirds of tongue, presynaptic parasympathetic fibers destined for submandibular ganglion for innervation of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands}; MODALITY={special sensory}
      - fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
  - petrosal nerve, greater (MA:GREATER PETROSAL NERVE); ORIGIN={intermediate nerve via geniculate GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={running forward from the geniculate ganglion, it joins the deep petrosal nerve of the pterygoid canal, and reaches lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands and nasopharynx, via pterygopalatine ganglion and its branches}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}

unavailable

- - - nasopalatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers (MA:NASOPALATINE NERVE); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries postganglionic parasympathetic GVE fibers to nasal and palatine glands}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}
      - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL -> Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG -> Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE}
    - palatine nerves, parasympathetic fibers (MA:PALATINE BRANCHES OF PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}

unavailable

- - - - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL -> Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG -> Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR}
      - palatine nerve, greater, parasympathetic fibers (MA:GREATER PALATINE NERVE; palatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers, anterior); ORIGIN={greater petrosal nerve to pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={greater palatine PSN synapse on the hard palate and regulate mucous glands located there}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Protector - hard palate mucous gland - lubrication and buffering as well as secretion of some antibodies; moist surface}
      - palatine nerves, lesser, parasympathetic fibers (MA:LESSER PALATINE NERVES); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={lesser palatine nerve synapses at the soft palate and controls sparse taste receptors and mucous gland, to uvula (middle palatine), to tonsils (posterior palatine), racemose glands, and some muscular fibers (musculus uvulae)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}; MUSCLES={Feeder - musculus uvulae muscle - elevates and retracts the uvula, thickening the central part of the soft palate; Protector - soft palate mucous gland - lubrication and buffering as well as secretion of some antibodies; moist surface}
        fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
    - petrosal nerve, greater, to lacrimal gland (MA:NASOPALATINE NERVE); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={Postganglonic fibers issue from the ganglion and join the maxillary nerve to enter the zygomatic nerve and then the zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve. The fibers finally reach the lacrimal nerve and are distributed to the lacrimal gland where they are secretomotor to the gland and cause lacrimation.}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - lacrimal gland - secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film}

unavailable

- - - - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL -> Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG -> Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE}
    - pharyngeal nerve; ORIGIN={a nerve running from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine GANGLION, through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery}; DISTRIBUTION={to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx posterior to the auditory tube, pharyngeal gland}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Protector - pharyngeal tonsils - enhance the capabilities of the lymphatic system against foreign agents that enter through nose}

unavailable

- - - - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL -> Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG -> Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR}
- stapedius nerve (MA:NERVE TO STAPEDIUS); ORIGIN={facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={stapedius muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Ear - stapedius muscle - control the amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear}
  - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM -> Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR}
trigeminal nerve (MA:TRIGEMINAL NERVE; fifth cranial nerve, V); ORIGIN={emerges from the lateral surface of the pons as a MOTOR and a SENSORY ROOT, together with some intermediate fibers, fine touch to principal, crude touch and pain to spinal}; DISTRIBUTION={The sensory root expands into the trigeminal ganglion, which contains the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers, and from which the three divisions of the nerve arise}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, autonomic sensory, visceral motor}

unavailable

- mandibular nerve (MA:MANDIBULAR NERVE; one of three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve); ORIGIN={trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={passing through the foramen ovale to the infratemporal fossa, extensive distribution to muscles of mastication, skin of face, mucous membrane of mouth, and teeth}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, visceral motor}

unavailable

- - mandibular nerve, anterior trunk (MA:ANTERIOR TRUNK OF MANDIBULAR NERVE); MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}

unavailable

- - - buccal nerve (MA:BUCCAL NERVE); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin and mucous membrane of cheeks, gums, and perhaps the first two molars and the premolars}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG -> Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR}
    - nerves to masticatory muscles; MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}
      - fiber: SVE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM -> Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-delta-sensory, C-sensory}, endings={SPT}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.MM.MSTR -> Principal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HT.PN.PTR}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.MM.MSTR -> Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM}
      - masseteric nerve (MA:MASSETERIC NERVE); ORIGIN={mandibular division of trigeminal nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={masseter muscle and temporomandibular joint, proprioception}; MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - masseter muscle - elevation (as in closing of the mouth) and retraction of mandible}
      - pterygoid nerve, lateral (MA:NERVE TO LATERAL PTERYGOID); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - lateral pterygoid muscle - depresses mandible}
      - pterygoid nerve, medial (MA:NERVE TO MEDIAL PTERYGOID); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={medial pterygoid, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini muscles}; MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - medial pterygoid muscle - elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side}
        nerve to tensor tympani; ORIGIN={mandibular nerve via nerve to medial pterygoid MUSCLE and otic GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={tensor tympani muscle}; MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Ear - tympanic membrane muscle - tensing the tympanic membrane}
        
        nerve to tensor veli palatini; ORIGIN={mandibular nerve via nerve to medial pterygoid MUSCLE and otic GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={tensor veli palatini muscle}; MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - tensor veli palatini muscle - tension of the soft palate}
      - temporal nerves, deep (MA:DEEP TEMPORAL NERVES); ORIGIN={usually two in number, anterior and posterior, with a third middle one often seen, mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={temporal muscles}; MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - temporal muscle - elevation and retraction of mandible}
  - mandibular nerve, meningeal branch (MA:NERVUS SPINOSUS; recurrent branch); DISTRIBUTION={supplies the dura mater, supplies mastoid cells that communicate with middle ear}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
  - mandibular nerve, posterior trunk (MA:POSTERIOR TRUNK OF MANDIBULAR NERVE); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory}
    - auriculotemporal nerve (MA:AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE); ORIGIN={by two roots from the mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={parotid gland, scalp in temporal region, tympanic membrane}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}
      - auricular nerves, anterior; ORIGIN={auriculotemporal nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={supply the tragus and upper part of the auricle, skin of anterosuperior part of external ear}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - auriculotemporal nerve, branch to tympanic membrane; ORIGIN={auriculotemporal nerve comprises exclusively somatosensory fibers, which ascend to the superficial temporal region and there it supplies the supplies the auricle, external acoustic meatus, outer side of the tympanic membrane and the skin in the temporal region}; DISTRIBUTION={outer side of the tympanic membrane and the skin in the temporal region}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - auriculotemporal nerve, branches communicating with facial nerve; ORIGIN={The auriculotemporal nerve then pierces the parotid fascia and enters the retromandibular region of the parotid gland; Within the parotid gland, it breaks up in a spray of branches that immediately and abruptly diverge; Anterior and posterior communicating ramus with the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={They provide sensory fibers for the zygomatic, buccal, and mandibular divisions of the facial nerve to the skin, convey proprioceptive impulses from orbicularis oculi}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - auriculotemporal nerve, parotid branch; ORIGIN={auriculotemporal nerve passes medially to the neck of the mandible, gives off parotid branches and then turns superior}; DISTRIBUTION={secretomotor fibers from tympanic plexus to the parotid gland}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}
        fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL -> Otic Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.OTG -> Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER}
      - nerve of external acoustic meatus; ORIGIN={auriculotemporal nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin lining external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - inferior alveolar nerve (MA:INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={teeth and gums of lower jaw, skin of chin and lower lip, mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}

unavailable

- - - - inferior alveolar nerve, dental branches (MA:INCISIVE NERVE); ORIGIN={Within the canal or in their intraosseous course the fascicles of the IAN can either unite into single or double stranded bundles as well as ramify into an ample plexus formation. These neural structures give rise to the inferior dental branches and the inferior gingival branches}; DISTRIBUTION={providing sensation to the teeth and gums}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - inferior alveolar nerve, gingival branches; ORIGIN={see dental branches}; DISTRIBUTION={mandibular (lower jaw) gingiva, interteeth tissue}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - mental nerve (MA:MENTAL NERVE); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin of chin, and lower lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}

unavailable

- - - - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - mylohyoid nerve (MA:MYLOHYOID NERVE); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mylohyoid muscle, anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - digastric muscle, trigeminal - opens the jaw when the masseter and the temporalis are relaxed; Feeder - mylohyoid muscle - raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible}

unavailable

- - - - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM -> Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER}
    - lingual nerve (MA:LINGUAL NERVE); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={descending to the tongue, first medial to the mandible and then under cover of the mucous membrane of the mouth; anterior two-thirds of tongue, adjacent areas of mouth, gums, isthmus of fauces}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}

unavailable

- - - - lingual nerve, branch to isthmus of fauces; DISTRIBUTION={conveying general sensation from the oral mucosa between the oral cavity and oropharynx}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - lingual nerve, lingual branch (gingival branch); DISTRIBUTION={innervate mandibular lingual gingiva}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - sublingual nerve; ORIGIN={lingual nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={visceral efferent (secretomotor) fibers to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and overlying mucous membrane; a branch of the lingual nerve supplying parasympathetic fibers to the sublingual gland and sensory fibers to the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={Feeder - sublingual gland - one of major salivary glands; promotes the secretion of saliva}
        fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL -> Submandibular Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SXG -> Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER}
        
        fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
- maxillary nerve (MA:MAXILLARY NERVE); ORIGIN={one of the three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve, passing through the foramen rotundum, and entering the pterygopalatine fossa, from trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={extensive distribution to skin of face and scalp, mucous membrane of maxillary sinus and nasal cavity, and teeth}; MODALITY={general sensory}
  - alveolar nerves, superior, posterior branch (MA:POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE); ORIGIN={arise from the maxillary nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={innervate the teeth of the upper jaw and the maxillary sinus, and forming the superior dental plexus, molars}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
  - branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, sensory fibers (MA:GANGLIONIC BRANCHES OF MAXILLARY NERVE,PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION); DISTRIBUTION={Eye, lacrimal gland; Nose, nasal gland; Mouth, mucosal glands of palate and pharynx}; MODALITY={general sensory}

unavailable

- - - nasopalatine nerve, sensory fibers (MA:NASOPALATINE NERVE); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries sensory information from the posterior inferior medial wall of the nasal cavity and anterior hard palate}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - palatine nerve, sensory fibers; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - palatine nerve, greater, sensory fibers (MA:GREATER PALATINE NERVE; palatine nerve, sensory fibers, anterior); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={emerges through the greater palatine foramen and supplies the palate}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - palatine nerves, lesser, sensory fibers (MA:LESSER PALATINE NERVES); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={emerge through the lesser palatine foramen and supply the soft palate and tonsil, uvula}; MODALITY={general sensory}
  - infraorbital nerve (MA:INFRAORBITAL NERVE); ORIGIN={continuation of the maxillary nerve, entering the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, and occupying in succession the infraorbital groove, canal, and foramen}; DISTRIBUTION={incisor, cuspid, and premolar teeth of upper jaw, skin and conjunctiva of lower eyelid, mobile septum and skin of side of nose, mucous membrane of mouth, skin of upper lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}

unavailable

- - - alveolar nerves, superior, anterior and middle branches (MA:MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE,ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE; nasodental ramus); ORIGIN={arise from infraorbital nerves}; DISTRIBUTION={innervate the teeth of the upper jaw and the maxillary sinus, and forming the superior dental plexus, incisors (anterior), premolars (middle)}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - infraorbital nerve, external nasal branch (MA:EXTERNAL NASAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={nasal alae, inferior and lateral aspects of the nose}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - infraorbital nerve, inferior palpebral branch; DISTRIBUTION={supply the skin and conjunctiva of the lower eyelid, joining at the lateral angle of the orbit with the facial and zygomaticofacial nerves}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - internal nasal nerve (MA:INTERNAL NASAL NERVES); DISTRIBUTION={supply the septum, pass to skin of nasal vestibule}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - superior labial branch; DISTRIBUTION={skin of the upper lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
  - maxillary nerve, meningeal branch (MA:MENINGEAL BRANCH OF MAXILLARY NERVE); ORIGIN={maxillary nerve directly after its origin from the semilunar ganglion, before enters the foramen rotundum}; DISTRIBUTION={supplies the dura mater}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
  - zygomatic nerve (MA:ZYGOMATIC NERVE); ORIGIN={maxillary nerve, entering the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure}; DISTRIBUTION={communicates with the lacrimal nerve and supplies the skin of the temple and adjacent part of the face}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - zygomatic nerve, zygomaticofacial branch (MA:ZYGOMATICOFACIAL NERVE); MODALITY={general sensory}
    - zygomatic nerve, zygomaticotemporal branch (MA:ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE); MODALITY={general sensory}
- ophthalmic nerve (MA:OPHTHALMIC NERVE); ORIGIN={one of the three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={eyeball and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, general sensory}

unavailable

- - frontal nerve (MA:FRONTAL NERVE); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve; enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure}; DISTRIBUTION={chiefly to the forehead and scalp, sensory innervations for the skin of the forehead, mucosa of frontal sinus, and the skin of the upper eyelid}; MODALITY={general sensory}

unavailable

- - - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - supraorbital nerve (MA:SUPRAORBITAL NERVE); ORIGIN={continuation of frontal nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={leaves orbit through supraorbital notch or foramen, and supplies the skin of upper eyelid, forehead, anterior scalp (to vertex), mucosa of frontal sinus}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - supratrochlear nerve (MA:SUPRATROCHLEAR NERVE); ORIGIN={frontal nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={leaves orbit at medial end of supraorbital margin and supplies the forehead and upper eyelid}; MODALITY={general sensory}
  - lacrimal nerve (MA:LACRIMAL NERVE); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure}; DISTRIBUTION={lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, lateral commissure of eye, and skin of upper eyelid}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, general sensory}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
    - fiber: GVA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SFN}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
  - nasociliary nerve (MA:NASOCILIARY NERVE); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - ciliary nerves, sensory fibers; MODALITY={general sensory}

unavailable

- - - - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - ciliary nerves, long, sensory fibers (MA:LONG CILIARY NERVES); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={dilator muscle of pupil, uvea, cornea}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - ciliary nerves, short, sensory fibers (MA:SHORT CILIARY NERVES); ORIGIN={ciliary GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={smooth muscle and tunics of eye}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - ethmoidal nerve; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
      - ethmoidal nerve, anterior (MA:ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL NERVE); ORIGIN={continuation of nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mucosa of upper and anterior nasal septum, lateral wall of nasal cavity, skin of lower bridge and tip of nose}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - ethmoidal nerve, posterior (MA:POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL NERVE); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mucosa of posterior ethmoid cells and of sphenoidal sinus}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - infratrochlear nerve (MA:INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin of root and upper bridge of nose and lower eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal duct}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
  - tentorial nerve; ORIGIN={a branch that arises from the ophthalmic nerve close to its origin from the trigeminal ganglion}; DISTRIBUTION={turning back to innervate the dura mater of the tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}

CRANIAL NERVES - VISCERAL

(generated)

motor nuclei/ganglia:

Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD; NERVES={abducent nerve}
Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB; NERVES={glossopharyngeal nerve, stylopharyngeal branch; laryngeal nerve, external; vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch}
Cardiac Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CRG; NERVES={vagus nerve, cardiac branch}
Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG; NERVES={oculomotor nerve, superior branch}
Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG; NERVES={hypoglossal nerve}
Intralaryngeal Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.ILG; NERVES={inferior laryngeal nerve}
Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN; NERVES={oculomotor nerve, inferior branch}
Otic Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.OTG; NERVES={tympanic nerve}
Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT; NERVES={vagus nerve, spleen, kidney, small intestine and colon; vagus nerve, esophageal branches; vagus nerve, gastric branch; vagus nerve, gastroduodenal branch; vagus nerve, hepatic branch proper}
Pulmonary Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PUG; NERVES={vagus nerve, bronchial branch}
Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC; NERVES={cochlear nerve}
Trochlear Nucleus,LPC.MM.TRH; NERVES={trochlear nerve}

sensory nuclei/ganglia:

Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG; NERVES={glossopharyngeal nerve, lingual branch; glossopharyngeal nerve, tonsillar branch; vagus nerve, auricular branch; vagus nerve, meningeal branch}
Main Olfactory Epithelium,LPC.PN.SG.MOE; NERVES={olfactory nerves}
Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD; NERVES={vagus nerve, bronchial branch; vagus nerve, cardiac branch; laryngeal nerve, internal; recurrent laryngeal nerve, posterior; vagus nerve, spleen, kidney, small intestine and colon; vagus nerve, esophageal branches; vagus nerve, gastric branch; vagus nerve, gastroduodenal branch; vagus nerve, hepatic branch proper}
Petrosal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.PET; NERVES={Hering's nerve; tympanic nerve}
Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT; NERVES={optic nerve}
Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP; NERVES={cochlear nerve}
Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG; NERVES={glossopharyngeal nerve, meningeal branches}
Vestibular Ganglion - Saccule Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.SVB; NERVES={saccular nerve}
Vestibular Ganglion - Semicircular Canal Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.CVB; NERVES={ampullar nerve}
Vestibular Ganglion - Utricle Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.UVB; NERVES={utricular nerve}

nerves:

eye nerves; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
- abducent nerve (MA:ABDUCENT NERVE; sixth cranial nerve, VI); ORIGIN={a NUCLEUS in the pons, beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, emerging from the brain stem anteriorly between the pons and medulla oblongata}; DISTRIBUTION={lateral rectus muscle of eye}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - lateral rectus muscle - abducts the eyeball}

unavailable

- - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD -> Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE}
- oculomotor nerve (MA:OCULOMOTOR NERVE; third cranial nerve, III); ORIGIN={BRAIN STEM, emerging medial to cerebral peduncles and running forward in the cavernous sinus}; DISTRIBUTION={entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, the branches supply the levator muscle of upper eyelid, all extrinsic eye muscles except the lateral rectus and superior oblique, and carry parasympathetic fibers for the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - levator palpebrae superioris muscle - retracts/elevates eyelid}
  - oculomotor nerve, inferior branch (MA:INFERIOR RAMUS OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={inferior rectus}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - inferior oblique muscle - extorsion, elevation, abduction; Eye - inferior rectus muscle - depression and adduction; Eye - medial rectus muscle - adducts the eyeball}

unavailable

- - - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN -> Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE}
  - oculomotor nerve, superior branch (MA:SUPERIOR RAMUS OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={supplies superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - superior rectus muscle - elevates, adducts, and rotates medially the eye}
    - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN -> Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG -> Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE}
    - ciliary nerves, short, parasympathetic fibers (MA:SHORT CILIARY NERVES); ORIGIN={ciliary GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={smooth muscle and tunics of eye}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - ciliary muscle - parasympathetic - accommodation inhibition; Eye - iris sphincter muscle - constricts pupil}
- optic nerve (MA:OPTIC NERVE; second cranial nerve, II, nerve of sight); ORIGIN={actually part of the central nervous system throughout its course; it consists chiefly of axons and central processes of cells of the ganglionic layer of the RETINA}; DISTRIBUTION={leave the orbit through the optic canal, and joins with its opposite number to form the optic chiasm (the medial fibers of each nerve crossing over to the opposite side), then continues as the optic tract to end in the lateral geniculate body}; MODALITY={special sensory}

unavailable

- - fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT -> Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT -> Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN}
  - fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT -> Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT -> Superficial Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.SUP}
  - fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT -> Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT -> Pretectal Olivary Nucleus,LRC.MM.PT.PON}
  - fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT -> Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT -> Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN}
- trochlear nerve (MA:TROCHLEAR NERVE; fourth cranial nerve, IV); ORIGIN={the fibers of each trochlear nerve (one on either side) decussate across the median plane and emerge from the back of the BRAIN STEM below the corresponding inferior colliculus}; DISTRIBUTION={runs forward in lateral wall of cavernous sinus, traverses the superior orbital fissure, and supplies superior oblique muscle of eyeball}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - superior oblique muscle - primary: intorsion, secondary:abduct (laterally rotate) and depress the eyeball}

unavailable

- - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Trochlear Nucleus,LPC.MM.TRH -> Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE}
glossopharyngeal nerve (MA:GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE; ninth cranial nerve, IX); ORIGIN={several ROOTLETS from lateral side of upper part of medulla oblongata, between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={it has two enlargements (superior and inferior ganglia) and supplies the tongue, pharynx, and parotid gland}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}
- Hering's nerve (MA:CAROTID BODY NERVE, MA:CAROTID SINUS NERVE; glossopharyngeal nerve, branch to carotid sinus); DISTRIBUTION={innervate the carotid sinus and the carotid body, communicates with the vagus nerve and sympathetic then divides in the angle of bifurcation of the common carotid artery to supply the carotid body (chemoreceptors) and carotid sinus (baroreceptors)}; MODALITY={general sensory}
  - fiber: SVA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSO, SSB}, chain={Heart,TARGET.TEA.HEART -> Petrosal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.PET -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
- glossopharyngeal nerve, lingual branch (MA:LINGUAL BRANCHES OF GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={one supplies the vallate papilla and the mucous membrane covering the base of the tongue; the other supplies the mucous membrane and follicular glands of the posterior part of the tongue, and communicates with the lingual nerve, innervate all the muscles of the tongue except for palatoglossus}; MODALITY={general sensory}
  - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR -> Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG -> Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR}
- glossopharyngeal nerve, meningeal branches (MA:MENINGEAL BRANCHES OF GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE); MODALITY={general sensory}
  - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
- glossopharyngeal nerve, stylopharyngeal branch (MA:NERVE TO STYLOPHARYNGEUS, PHARYNGEAL BRANCHES OF GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={muscle of the pharynx, stylopharyngeus}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Lung - stylopharyngeus muscle - elevate the larynx, elevate the pharynx, swallowing}
  - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB -> Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER}
- glossopharyngeal nerve, tonsillar branch (MA:TONSILLAR BRANCHES OF GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE); ORIGIN={sensory fibers from palatine tonsillar fossa}; DISTRIBUTION={supply the palatine tonsil, forming around it a plexus from which filaments are distributed to the soft palate and fauces, where they communicate with the palatine nerves, taste}; MODALITY={special sensory}
  - fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR -> Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
- tympanic nerve (MA:TYMPANIC BRANCH OF GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE; Jacobson's nerve); ORIGIN={inferior GANGLION of glossopharyngeal nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mucous membrane of tympanic cavity, mastoid air cells, auditory tube, and, via lesser petrosal nerve and otic ganglion, the parotid gland}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}
  - fiber: GSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SFN}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Petrosal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.PET -> Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR}
  - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL -> Otic Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.OTG -> Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER}
  - petrosal nerve, lesser (MA:LESSER PETROSAL NERVE); ORIGIN={tympanic PLEXUS}; DISTRIBUTION={parotid GLAND via otic GANGLION and auriculotemporal nerve}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={Feeder - parotid gland - major salivary gland; promotes the secretion of saliva}
hypoglossal nerve (MA:HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE; twelfth cranial nerve, XII); ORIGIN={several ROOTLETS in the anterolateral sulcus between the olive and the pyramid of the medulla oblongata; it passes through the hypoglossal canal to the tongue}; BRANCHES={communicating with bona fide vagal branch, to inferior vagal ganglion/lingual nerve/sympathetic trunk/ansa cervicalis/superior cervical ganglion, meningeal branch, muscular branch to thyrohyoid/geniohyoid/styloglossus/hyoglossus/genioglossus/intrinsic muscles of tongue}; DISTRIBUTION={styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus muscles and intrinsic muscles of the tongue}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - chondroglossus muscle - depresses tongue; Feeder - genioglossus muscle - complex - inferior fibers protrude the tongue, middle fibers depress the tongue, and its superior fibers draw the tip back and down; Feeder - hyoglossus muscle - depresses tongue; Feeder - inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue - shortens, retracts, pulls tip downward; Feeder - styloglossus muscle - elevates and retracts tongue; Feeder - superior longitudinal muscle of tongue - shortens, turns tip upward, turns lateral margins upward; Feeder - transverse muscle of tongue - narrows and elongates; Feeder - vertical muscle of tongue - flattens}
- fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG -> Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER}
- communicating branches between the lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve; DISTRIBUTION={forming a plexus on the hypoglossus muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}

unavailable

olfactory nerves (MA:OLFACTORY NERVE; first cranial nerve, I); ORIGIN={the nerves of smell, consisting of about 20 bundles which arise in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM}; DISTRIBUTION={pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb}; MODALITY={special sensory}
- fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSS}, chain={Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE -> Main Olfactory Epithelium,LPC.PN.SG.MOE -> Main Olfactory Bulb,LPC.FT.MOB -> Anterior Olfactory Nucleus,LPC.FT.AON}
vagus nerve (MA:VAGUS NERVE; pneumogastric nerve, tenth cranial nerve, X); ORIGIN={by numerous ROOTLETS from lateral side of medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={descending through the jugular foramen, it presents as a superior and an inferior ganglion, and continues through the neck and thorax into the abdomen. It supplies sensory fibers to the ear, tongue, pharynx, and larynx, motor fibers to the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, and parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibers to thoracic and abdominal viscera}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}

unavailable

- vagus nerve, heart and lung; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}

unavailable

- - vagus nerve, bronchial branch; DISTRIBUTION={distributed as 2-3 branches on the anterior surface of the root of the lung, form the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Lung - glands of trachea, lungs, and bronchi - increase in airway secretions; Lung - smooth muscles of trachea and bronchial tree - constriction of trachea and bronchioles}
    - fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
    - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL -> Pulmonary Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PUG -> Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG}
    - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN -> Pulmonary Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PUG -> Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG}
    - vagus nerve, bronchial branch, anterior (MA:ANTERIOR PULMONARY BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={anterior pulmonary plexus to pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies, glands in thoracic viscera, smooth muscles of the trachea and the bronchial tree}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
    - vagus nerve, bronchial branch, posterior (MA:POSTERIOR PULMONARY BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={posterior pulmonary plexus}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
    - vagus nerve, pulmonary plexus (MA:ANTERIOR PULMONARY PLEXUS,POSTERIOR PULMONARY PLEXUS); DISTRIBUTION={Branches from this plexus accompany the ramifications of the bronchi through the substance of the lung}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
  - vagus nerve, cardiac branch (MA:CERVICAL CARDIAC BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVE); DISTRIBUTION={Sensory fibers are concerned with the reflex control of blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}; MUSCLES={Heart - ACh receptors of atrium muscles - decrease contractility}
    - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN -> Cardiac Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CRG -> Heart,TARGET.TEA.HEART}
    - fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={Heart,TARGET.TEA.HEART -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
    - vagus nerve, inferior cardiac branch (MA:DEEP CARDIAC PLEXUS; thoracic cardiac branches); ORIGIN={arise from the trunk of the vagus as it lies by the side of the trachea, and from its recurrent nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={AV node, end in the deep part of the cardiac plexus, heart muscle, interventricular septum ganglion}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}
    - vagus nerve, superior cervical cardiac branch (MA:SUPERFICIAL CARDIAC PLEXUS; cervical cardiac branches); ORIGIN={arise from the vagus, at the upper and lower parts of the neck}; DISTRIBUTION={SA node, deep part of the cardiac plexus, joins the superficial part of the cardiac plexus, to cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}
- vagus nerve, neck; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}
  - laryngeal nerve (Galen's nerve, Pharynx and Larynx); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory}

unavailable

- - - laryngeal nerve, superior (MA:SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE); ORIGIN={inferior GANGLION of vagus nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={inferior constrictor of the pharynx, cricothyroid muscle, and mucous membrane of back of tongue and larynx}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, visceral motor}
      - laryngeal nerve, external (MA:EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE); ORIGIN={the smaller of the two branches into which the superior laryngeal nerve divides}; DISTRIBUTION={descending under cover of the sternothyroid muscle and innervating the cricothyroid and the inferior constrictor of the pharynx}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle - swallowing; Speaker - arytenoid muscle - approximate the arytenoid cartilages (close rima glottidis); Speaker - cricothyroid muscle - tension and elongation of the vocal folds (has minor adductory effect); Speaker - levator muscle of thyroid gland - elevates the thyroid gland}
        fiber: SVE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB -> Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER}
      - laryngeal nerve, internal (MA:INTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE); ORIGIN={the larger of the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={innervates the mucosa of the epiglottis, base of the tongue, and larynx; somatic: mucosae of larynx above the vocal cords, epiglottis, vallecullae; special visceral sensory: taste from the region of the valleculae}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory}
        fiber: GVA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SFN}, chain={Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
    - recurrent laryngeal nerve (MA:LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE; MA:RIGHT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE); ORIGIN={vagus nerve (chiefly the cranial part of the accessory nerve)}; DISTRIBUTION={tracheal mucosa, esophagus, cardiac plexus}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}

unavailable

- - - - inferior laryngeal nerve (anterior); ORIGIN={recurrent laryngeal nerve, especially the terminal portion of this nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={intrinsic muscles of larynx, except cricothyroid; communicates with the internal laryngeal nerve, all muscles of larynx (EXCEPT cricothryoid)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Speaker - aryepiglottic muscle - close the inlet; Speaker - lateral cricoarytenoid muscle - adduct and medially rotate the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments towards the midline and backwards and so closing off the rima glottidis; Speaker - oblique arytenoid muscle - sphincter of the laryngeal inlet; Speaker - posterior cricoarytenoid muscle - abducts and laterally rotates the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments away from the midline and forward and so opening the rima glottidis; Speaker - thyroarytenoid muscle - thickens the vocal folds and decreases length; also helps to adduct the vocal folds during speech; Speaker - thyroepiglottic muscle - closes the inlet to the larynx}
        
        fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN -> Intralaryngeal Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.ILG -> Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER}
      - recurrent laryngeal nerve, posterior (tracheal, esophageal, and inferior cardiac branches); DISTRIBUTION={glottis, subglottis, and trachea; recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the trachea and the esophagus with parasympathetic secretomotor innervation for glands associated with them; trachea, oesophagus and pyriform sinuses receive their sensory fibers from the posterior division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve before entering the larynx}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory}
        fiber: GVA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SFN}, chain={Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
  - vagus nerve, auricular branch (MA:AURICULAR BRANCH OF VAGUS NERVE; Alderman's nerve, Arnold's nerve); ORIGIN={arises from the jugular ganglion, and is joined soon after its origin by a filament from the petrous ganglion of the glossopharyngeal}; DISTRIBUTION={supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the ear canal}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
  - vagus nerve, meningeal branch (MA:MENINGEAL BRANCH OF VAGUS NERVE); ORIGIN={recurrent filament given off from the jugular ganglion}; DISTRIBUTION={dura mater in the posterior fossa of the base of the skull}; MODALITY={general sensory}
    - fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR -> Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG -> Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR}
  - vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch (MA:PHARYNGEAL BRANCH OF VAGUS NERVE); ORIGIN={arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={passes across the internal carotid artery to the upper border of the Constrictor pharyngis medius, where it divides into numerous filaments, which join with branches from the glossopharyngeal, sympathetic, and external laryngeal to form the pharyngeal plexus; sensory innervates the mesopharyngeal epithelium, GSE - see accessory nerve}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - levator veli palatini muscle - elevates soft palate; Speaker - palatopharyngeus muscle - pulls pharynx and larynx}

unavailable

- - - fiber: SVE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB -> Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER}
    - vagus nerve, pharyngeal plexus (MA:PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS, RAMUS LINGUALIS VAGI); ORIGIN={vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch}; DISTRIBUTION={From the plexus, branches are distributed to the muscles and mucous membrane of the pharynx and the muscles of the soft palate, except the Tensor veli palatini. A minute filament descends and joins the hypoglossal nerve as it winds around the occipital artery}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={Feeder - middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle - swallowing; Feeder - palatoglossus muscle - raising the back part of the tongue; Feeder - superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle - swallowing; Nose - salpingopharyngeus muscle - raise the nasopharynx}
- vagus nerve, spleen, kidney, small intestine and colon; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
  - fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
  - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL -> Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH}
  - vagus nerve, celiac branch (MA:CELIAC BRANCH OF POSTERIOR VAGUS NERVE, CELIAC PLEXUS); ORIGIN={mainly derived from the right vagus}; DISTRIBUTION={join the celiac plexus and through it supply branches to the pancreas, spleen, kidneys, suprarenal bodies, and intestine; terminal branches of the posterior vagal trunk conveying presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to-and visceral afferent fibers from-the celiac plexus; provide parasympathetic innervation to the celiac plexus}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Endocrine - pancreas, parasympathetic - release parathyroid hormones into blood}
  - vagus nerve, renal branch (MA:RENAL BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVES, RENAL PLEXUS); DISTRIBUTION={The plexus follows the renal artery and is a subsidiary of the celiac plexus. It enters the splenic substance by passing into the various divisions of the artery. It supplies the renal corpuscles and tubules, together with the arteries. It gives vasomotor nerves to the renal arteries; provide parasympathetic innervation to the kidney; connection to ureteric and gonadal plexuses}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
- vagus nerve, stomach and liver; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}

unavailable

- - vagus nerve, esophageal branches (MA:ESOPHAGEAL PLEXUS,ESOPHAGEAL BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVE); ORIGIN={formed by nerve fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk}; DISTRIBUTION={supply the esophagus and also the pericardium; parasympathetic: make the anterior vagal trunk (left vagus) and the posterior vagal trunk; sympathetic: intermediolateral cell column (IMLCC) of the thoracic spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
    - fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
    - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL -> Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH}
  - vagus nerve, gastric branch (MA:GASTRIC BRANCH OF ANTERIOR VAGUS,GASTRIC BRANCH OF POSTERIOR VAGUS); DISTRIBUTION={distributed to the stomach, right vagus forms the posterior gastric plexus on the postero-inferior surface of the stomach and the left the anterior gastric plexus on the antero-superior surface}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
    - fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
    - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL -> Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH}
  - vagus nerve, hepatic branch (MA:HEPATIC BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVES,HEPATIC PLEXUS); ORIGIN={Anterior and Posterior vagus nerves}; DISTRIBUTION={join the hepatic plexus and through it are conveyed to the liver}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={Liver - abdominal alimentary tract glands - secretes bile into the small intestine via the bile duct employing the gallbladder as a reservoi}

unavailable

- - - vagus nerve, gastroduodenal branch; DISTRIBUTION={terminates in the upper duodenum, pancreas, pyloric sphincter, and antral stomach}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
      - fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
      - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL -> Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH}
    - vagus nerve, hepatic branch proper; DISTRIBUTION={liver}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
      - fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={Liver,TARGET.TEA.LIVER -> Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD -> Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL}
      - fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL -> Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> Liver,TARGET.TEA.LIVER}
vestibulocochlear nerve (MA:VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE; acoustic nerve, auditory nerve, eighth cranial nerve, VIII); ORIGIN={it emerges from the brain between the pons and the medulla oblongata, at the cerebellopontine angle and behind the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={is connected with the brain by corresponding roots, the vestibular and the cochlear roots}; MODALITY={special sensory, cranial motor}

unavailable

- cochlear nerve (MA:COCHLEAR NERVE); ORIGIN={the part of the vestibulocochlear nerve concerned with hearing}; DISTRIBUTION={consisting of fibers that arise from the bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion and have their receptors in the spiral organ of the cochlea}; MODALITY={special sensory, cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Ear - outer hair cells - contracts basilar membrane; mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters cochlea}
  - fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSA}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP -> Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.DCOCH}
  - fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSA}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP -> Ventral Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.VCOCH}
  - fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC -> Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR}
- vestibular nerve (MA:VESTIBULAR NERVE); ORIGIN={the posterior part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which is concerned with the sense of equilibrium}; DISTRIBUTION={It consists of fibers arising from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, and divides peripherally into a rostral and a caudal part, with receptors in the ampullae of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule}; MODALITY={special sensory}

unavailable

- - ampullar nerve; MODALITY={special sensory}
    - fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Vestibular Ganglion - Semicircular Canal Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.CVB -> Superior Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.SVBN}
    - fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Vestibular Ganglion - Semicircular Canal Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.CVB -> Medial Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.MVBN}
    - ampullar nerve, anterior (ampullar nerve, superior); ORIGIN={the branch of the vestibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={innervates the ampulla of the anterior semicircular duct, ending around the hair cells of the ampullary crest}; MODALITY={special sensory}
    - ampullar nerve, lateral; ORIGIN={the branch of the vestibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={innervates the ampulla of the lateral semicircular duct, ending around the hair cells of the ampullary crest}; MODALITY={special sensory}
    - ampullar nerve, posterior (ampullar nerve, inferior); ORIGIN={the branch of the vestibular nerve that innervates the ampulla of the posterior semicircular duct, ending around the hair cells of the ampullary crest}; MODALITY={special sensory}
  - saccular nerve; ORIGIN={the branch of the vestibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={innervates the macula of the saccule}; MODALITY={special sensory}
    - fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Vestibular Ganglion - Saccule Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.SVB -> Lateral Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.LVBN}
    - fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Vestibular Ganglion - Saccule Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.SVB -> Inferior Vestibular Nuclei,LPC.HT.IVBN}
  - utricular nerve; ORIGIN={the branch of the vestibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={innervates the macula of the utricle}; MODALITY={special sensory}
    - fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR -> Vestibular Ganglion - Utricle Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.UVB -> Lateral Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.LVBN}

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 '''nerves''':
 * '''accessory nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne198.htm ACCESSORY NERVE]; eleventh cranial nerve, XI); MODALITY={cranial motor, flexor motor, extensor motor}
-** <img src="http://www.edoctoronline.com/media/19/photos_584F5F8B-BB77-4B55-B7AE-E3D5F97F3938.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/51c102a7d6c29d0f24a1685616cea5fe.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ** '''accessory nerve, external'''; ORIGIN={by spinal roots from the side of the spinal cord (from the upper three or more cervical segments), from the nucleus of accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={the external branch branches to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (shoulder)}; MODALITY={flexor motor, extensor motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius_muscle Hand - trapezius muscle] - Descending (superior) part elevates; ascending (inferior) part depresses; and middle part (or all parts together) retracts scapula; descending and ascending parts act together to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscle Neck - sternocleidomastoid muscle] - Acting alone, tilts head to its own side and rotates it so the face is turned towards the opposite side. Acting together, flexes the neck, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration.}
 *** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_NECK|Neck,TARGET.TEA.NECK]]}
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 *** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_SPEAKER|Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER]]}
 * '''facial nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne171.htm FACIAL NERVE]; seventh cranial nerve, VII); ORIGIN={inferior border of pons, between olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={various structures of face, head, and neck}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}
-** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/184/flashcards/1904184/jpg/61352652775823.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/ed6ca36359af427101ee0a84748b3171.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 ** '''auricular nerve, posterior''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne177.htm POSTERIOR AURICULAR NERVE]; facial nerve, occipital branch, facial nerve proper); ORIGIN={facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={posterior auricular and occipitofrontal muscles and skin of external acoustic meatus}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_auricular_muscle Ear - posterior auricular muscle] - pulls ear backward; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_auricular_muscle Ear - superior auricular muscle] - pulls ear upward}
 *** '''auricular nerve, posterior, auricular branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne238.htm CUTANEOUS BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies the auricularis posterior and the intrinsic muscles on the cranial surface of the auricula, in some mammals these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna (outer ear); CN X sensory from ear skin}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_muscle_of_auricle Ear - oblique muscle of auricle] - movement of the ears}
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 *** '''facial nerve, stylohyoid branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne244.htm STYLOHYOID BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies mid portion of the stylohyoid muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylohyoid_muscle Feeder - stylohyoid muscle] - elevate the hyoid during swallowing}
 ** '''facial nerve, muscles of facial expression'''; MODALITY={cranial motor}
-*** <img src="http://o.quizlet.com/i/Xc5TCBFZXr6AYTjSt04acA.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/b64223fd5a207fbc65d3c60e4d768a12.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 *** '''facial nerve, buccal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne180.htm BUCCAL BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={superficial branches to superficial face muscles; upper deep branches to zygomaticus major, minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; lower deep branches to buccinator, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_anguli_oris Face - levator anguli oris muscle] - smile (elevates angle of mouth); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle Face - orbicularis oris muscle] - pucker the lips; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procerus_muscle Face - procerus muscle] - draws down the medial angle of the eyebrow giving expressions of frowning; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorius Face - risorius muscle] - draw back angle of mouth; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_major_muscle Face - zygomaticus major muscle, buccal] - draws angle of mouth upward and laterally; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_minor_muscle Face - zygomaticus minor muscle] - elevates upper lip; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinator_muscle Feeder - buccinator muscle] - compress the cheeks against the teeth (blowing), mastication; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle Nose - depressor septi nasi muscle] - depression of nasal septum; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle Nose - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle] - dilates the nostril; elevates the upper lip and wing of the nose; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_glands Nose - nasal glands] - anterior - moisturize the nasal mucosa; bowman - help the olfactory region with smelling; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalis_muscle Nose - nasalis muscle] - compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose, elevates corners of nostrils, dilation of nostrils}
 **** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM|Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FACE|Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE]]}
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 ** '''intermediate nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne234.htm NERVUS INTERMEDIUS]); ORIGIN={the smaller root of the facial nerve, lying between the main root and the vestibulocochlear nerve; it joins the main root at, or merges with, the geniculate ganglion at the geniculum of the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={lacrimal, nasal, palatine, submandibular, and sublingual glands, and anterior two-thirds of tongue}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 *** '''chorda tympani''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne175.htm CHORDA TYMPANI]); ORIGIN={branch of the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion to submandibular, sublingual and buccal glands; supplying the submandibular and sublingual glands and the anterior two thirds of the tongue (taste)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
-**** <img src="http://users.atw.hu/blp6/BLP6/HTML/common/M9780323045827-008-f029.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/8e39c4f38ab435e7ecbc726c2c5891ac.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 **** '''chorda tympani, parasympathetic'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_gland Feeder - submandibular gland] - one of major salivary glands; promotes the secretion of saliva}
 ***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SXG|Submandibular Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SXG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 ***** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG|Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 *** '''petrosal nerve, greater''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne172.htm GREATER PETROSAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={intermediate nerve via geniculate GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={running forward from the geniculate ganglion, it joins the deep petrosal nerve of the pterygoid canal, and reaches lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands and nasopharynx, via pterygopalatine ganglion and its branches}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
-**** <img src="http://www.nature.com/jcbfm/journal/v20/n4/images/9590926f7.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/bfb6caded88e7d79ee15ebd2ffc3b466.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 **** '''nasopalatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries postganglionic parasympathetic GVE fibers to nasal and palatine glands}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}
 ***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]]}
 **** '''palatine nerves, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne151.htm PALATINE BRANCHES OF PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION]); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
-***** <img src="http://www.healthhype.com/wp-content/uploads/palate.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/ce215135d66402b2b28ee92a64d23086.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]]}
 ***** '''palatine nerve, greater, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne226.htm GREATER PALATINE NERVE]; palatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers, anterior); ORIGIN={greater petrosal nerve to pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={greater palatine PSN synapse on the hard palate and regulate mucous glands located there}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa Protector - hard palate mucous gland] - lubrication and buffering as well as secretion of some antibodies; moist surface}
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 ****** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG|Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 **** '''petrosal nerve, greater, to lacrimal gland''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={Postganglonic fibers issue from the ganglion and join the maxillary nerve to enter the zygomatic nerve and then the zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve. The fibers finally reach the lacrimal nerve and are distributed to the lacrimal gland where they are secretomotor to the gland and cause lacrimation.}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_gland Eye - lacrimal gland] - secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film}
-***** <img src="http://dc387.4shared.com/doc/fUgedyJo/preview_html_mbca1f6c.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e5ba2bf66a9aa35026e83f03cdfb65ed.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 **** '''pharyngeal nerve'''; ORIGIN={a nerve running from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine GANGLION, through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery}; DISTRIBUTION={to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx posterior to the auditory tube, pharyngeal gland}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-a-pharyngeal-tonsil.htm Protector - pharyngeal tonsils] - enhance the capabilities of the lymphatic system against foreign agents that enter through nose}
-***** <img src="http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/124a.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/043de2b37ac2e15d62e1c35cf3e41c45.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]]}
 ** '''stapedius nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne176.htm NERVE TO STAPEDIUS]); ORIGIN={facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={stapedius muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapedius Ear - stapedius muscle] - control the amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear}
 *** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM|Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]}
 * '''trigeminal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne128.htm TRIGEMINAL NERVE]; fifth cranial nerve, V); ORIGIN={emerges from the lateral surface of the pons as a MOTOR and a SENSORY ROOT, together with some intermediate fibers, fine touch to principal, crude touch and pain to spinal}; DISTRIBUTION={The sensory root expands into the trigeminal ganglion, which contains the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers, and from which the three divisions of the nerve arise}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, autonomic sensory, visceral motor}
-** <img src="http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/trigeminal-nuclei.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/0067559dd1ae73cdff6ef2fb72f86d8c.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ** '''mandibular nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne156.htm MANDIBULAR NERVE]; one of three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve); ORIGIN={trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={passing through the foramen ovale to the infratemporal fossa, extensive distribution to muscles of mastication, skin of face, mucous membrane of mouth, and teeth}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, visceral motor}
-*** <img src="http://www.cambridgequestions.co.uk/diagrams/Mandibular%20nerve.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/3763c8696f94b96d12acbe1f958466bd.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 *** '''mandibular nerve, anterior trunk''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne159.htm ANTERIOR TRUNK OF MANDIBULAR NERVE]); MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}
-**** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/13/flashcards/2213013/png/innervation_of_the_face1351918585768.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/575a5317570c3c4e205584f58f8ff14b.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 **** '''buccal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne160.htm BUCCAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin and mucous membrane of cheeks, gums, and perhaps the first two molars and the premolars}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 ***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]]}
@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 ****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 **** '''inferior alveolar nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne166.htm INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={teeth and gums of lower jaw, skin of chin and lower lip, mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}
-***** <img src="http://www.exodontia.info/sitebuilder/images/Inferior_Alveolar_Mental_Nerves-518x720.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/cf6bc390425c917f9bcb028f692b1a0b.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 ***** '''inferior alveolar nerve, dental branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne168.htm INCISIVE NERVE]); ORIGIN={Within the canal or in their intraosseous course the fascicles of the IAN can either unite into single or double stranded bundles as well as ramify into an ample plexus formation. These neural structures give rise to the inferior dental branches and the inferior gingival branches}; DISTRIBUTION={providing sensation to the teeth and gums}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 ****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 ****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 ***** '''mental nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne169.htm MENTAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin of chin, and lower lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}
-****** <img src="https://www2.aofoundation.org/AOFileServerSurgery/MyPortalFiles?FilePath=/Surgery/en/_img/surgery/04-Approaches/95b/A320/A320-i160_540.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/b694f58c03da41920c472b00c83a4af5.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 ***** '''mylohyoid nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne167.htm MYLOHYOID NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mylohyoid muscle, anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digastric_muscle Feeder - digastric muscle, trigeminal] - opens the jaw when the masseter and the temporalis are relaxed; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylohyoid_muscle Feeder - mylohyoid muscle] - raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible}
-****** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/619/flashcards/483619/png/neck2.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/89df1b481234c146fa2f477aaeeb2944.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ****** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM|Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
 **** '''lingual nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne165.htm LINGUAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={descending to the tongue, first medial to the mandible and then under cover of the mucous membrane of the mouth; anterior two-thirds of tongue, adjacent areas of mouth, gums, isthmus of fauces}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}
-***** <img src="http://img.tfd.com/MosbyMD/hypoglossal_nerve.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400>
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/0a6f185bed1bc21572668633370f0200.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400>
 ***** '''lingual nerve, branch to isthmus of fauces'''; DISTRIBUTION={conveying general sensation from the oral mucosa between the oral cavity and oropharynx}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 ****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 **** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 *** '''branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne142.htm GANGLIONIC BRANCHES OF MAXILLARY NERVE],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne153.htm PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION]); DISTRIBUTION={Eye, lacrimal gland; Nose, nasal gland; Mouth, mucosal glands of palate and pharynx}; MODALITY={general sensory}
-**** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/cn_vii_-_greater_petrosal_nerve_forms_nerve_of_pterygoid_canal_(edit)1316912096227.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/9f41fec153a77a8fcee792376c305a80.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 **** '''nasopalatine nerve, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries sensory information from the posterior inferior medial wall of the nasal cavity and anterior hard palate}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 ***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 ***** '''palatine nerves, lesser, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne227.htm LESSER PALATINE NERVES]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={emerge through the lesser palatine foramen and supply the soft palate and tonsil, uvula}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 *** '''infraorbital nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne140.htm INFRAORBITAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={continuation of the maxillary nerve, entering the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, and occupying in succession the infraorbital groove, canal, and foramen}; DISTRIBUTION={incisor, cuspid, and premolar teeth of upper jaw, skin and conjunctiva of lower eyelid, mobile septum and skin of side of nose, mucous membrane of mouth, skin of upper lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}
-**** <img src="http://o.quizlet.com/mIPJsqitrkJvkSOJhSs8MQ.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/52f93f08691ca3d1fb4ea1a849957e69.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 **** '''alveolar nerves, superior, anterior and middle branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne147.htm MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne148.htm ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE]; nasodental ramus); ORIGIN={arise from infraorbital nerves}; DISTRIBUTION={innervate the teeth of the upper jaw and the maxillary sinus, and forming the superior dental plexus, incisors (anterior), premolars (middle)}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 ***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
@@ Line 174: / Line 174: @@
 **** '''zygomatic nerve, zygomaticotemporal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne145.htm ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE]); MODALITY={general sensory}
 ** '''ophthalmic nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne129.htm OPHTHALMIC NERVE]); ORIGIN={one of the three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={eyeball and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, general sensory}
-*** <img src="http://www.cambridgequestions.co.uk/diagrams/Ophthalmic%20nerve.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/139a4f5175650781a8d214b0010db233.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 *** '''frontal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne130.htm FRONTAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve; enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure}; DISTRIBUTION={chiefly to the forehead and scalp, sensory innervations for the skin of the forehead, mucosa of frontal sinus, and the skin of the upper eyelid}; MODALITY={general sensory}
-**** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/lacrimal_apparatus_(edit_nerves)1317455372674.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/a71171366cac03ca185ef4d13461c4a1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 **** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FACE|Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 **** '''supraorbital nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne131.htm SUPRAORBITAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={continuation of frontal nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={leaves orbit through supraorbital notch or foramen, and supplies the skin of upper eyelid, forehead, anterior scalp (to vertex), mucosa of frontal sinus}; MODALITY={general sensory}
@@ Line 185: / Line 185: @@
 *** '''nasociliary nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne133.htm NASOCILIARY NERVE]); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 **** '''ciliary nerves, sensory fibers'''; MODALITY={general sensory}
-***** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/cn_iii_-_ciliary_ganglion_(edit)1315978373461.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/12b0653392e9ca8ea1f666d84ea79f24.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 ***** '''ciliary nerves, long, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne136.htm LONG CILIARY NERVES]); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={dilator muscle of pupil, uvea, cornea}; MODALITY={general sensory}
@@ Line 230: / Line 230: @@
 * '''eye nerves'''; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 ** '''abducent nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne170.htm ABDUCENT NERVE]; sixth cranial nerve, VI); ORIGIN={a NUCLEUS in the pons, beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, emerging from the brain stem anteriorly between the pons and medulla oblongata}; DISTRIBUTION={lateral rectus muscle of eye}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle Eye - lateral rectus muscle] - abducts the eyeball}
-*** <img src="http://drugline.org/img/term/abducent-nerve-38_2.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/7b4f438aba8529547483740a31ea3688.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 *** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD|Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 ** '''oculomotor nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne126.htm OCULOMOTOR NERVE]; third cranial nerve, III); ORIGIN={BRAIN STEM, emerging medial to cerebral peduncles and running forward in the cavernous sinus}; DISTRIBUTION={entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, the branches supply the levator muscle of upper eyelid, all extrinsic eye muscles except the lateral rectus and superior oblique, and carry parasympathetic fibers for the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle Eye - levator palpebrae superioris muscle] - retracts/elevates eyelid}
 *** '''oculomotor nerve, inferior branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne221.htm INFERIOR RAMUS OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={inferior rectus}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle Eye - inferior oblique muscle] - extorsion, elevation, abduction; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle Eye - inferior rectus muscle] - depression and adduction; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle Eye - medial rectus muscle] - adducts the eyeball}
-**** <img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp15F41_thumb.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/bff5e039dbae89cecdc3f9ba763b09fe.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 **** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 *** '''oculomotor nerve, superior branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne225.htm SUPERIOR RAMUS OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle Eye - superior rectus muscle] - elevates, adducts, and rotates medially the eye}
@@ Line 241: / Line 241: @@
 ***** <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Ciliary_ganglion_pathways.png/800px-Ciliary_ganglion_pathways.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ** '''optic nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne125.htm OPTIC NERVE]; second cranial nerve, II, nerve of sight); ORIGIN={actually part of the central nervous system throughout its course; it consists chiefly of axons and central processes of cells of the ganglionic layer of the RETINA}; DISTRIBUTION={leave the orbit through the optic canal, and joins with its opposite number to form the optic chiasm (the medial fibers of each nerve crossing over to the opposite side), then continues as the optic tract to end in the lateral geniculate body}; MODALITY={special sensory}
-*** <img src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0012160607009098-gr2.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/2a3398890826aaaa606ca2593446dcab.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 *** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]}
 *** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_SUP|Superficial Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.SUP]]}
@@ Line 247: / Line 247: @@
 *** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]]}
 ** '''trochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne127.htm TROCHLEAR NERVE]; fourth cranial nerve, IV); ORIGIN={the fibers of each trochlear nerve (one on either side) decussate across the median plane and emerge from the back of the BRAIN STEM below the corresponding inferior colliculus}; DISTRIBUTION={runs forward in lateral wall of cavernous sinus, traverses the superior orbital fissure, and supplies superior oblique muscle of eyeball}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle Eye - superior oblique muscle] - primary: intorsion, secondary:abduct (laterally rotate) and depress the eyeball}
-*** <img src="http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%205/CN_III.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/91ef748f85fba5d3df8ea6a7766e234d.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 *** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_TRH|Trochlear Nucleus,LPC.MM.TRH]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 * '''glossopharyngeal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne186.htm GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE]; ninth cranial nerve, IX); ORIGIN={several ROOTLETS from lateral side of upper part of medulla oblongata, between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={it has two enlargements (superior and inferior ganglia) and supplies the tongue, pharynx, and parotid gland}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}
@@ Line 268: / Line 268: @@
 ** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_HYG|Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
 ** '''communicating branches between the lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve'''; DISTRIBUTION={forming a plexus on the hypoglossus muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}
-*** <img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp15F31_thumb.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/f6cffc921235f30167138fdab2176680.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 * '''olfactory nerves''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/olfactory.htm OLFACTORY NERVE]; first cranial nerve, I); ORIGIN={the nerves of smell, consisting of about 20 bundles which arise in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM}; DISTRIBUTION={pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb}; MODALITY={special sensory}
 ** <img src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10982/bin/ch15f1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 ** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSS}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_MOE|Main Olfactory Epithelium,LPC.PN.SG.MOE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FT_MOB|Main Olfactory Bulb,LPC.FT.MOB]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FT_AON|Anterior Olfactory Nucleus,LPC.FT.AON]]}
 * '''vagus nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne191.htm VAGUS NERVE]; pneumogastric nerve, tenth cranial nerve, X); ORIGIN={by numerous ROOTLETS from lateral side of medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={descending through the jugular foramen, it presents as a superior and an inferior ganglion, and continues through the neck and thorax into the abdomen. It supplies sensory fibers to the ear, tongue, pharynx, and larynx, motor fibers to the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, and parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibers to thoracic and abdominal viscera}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}
-** <img src="http://img.tfd.com/MosbyMD/vagus_nerve.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/68ed476901234409a741c21619947a62.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 ** '''vagus nerve, heart and lung'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}
-*** <img src="http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/external-innervation-heart-vagus-nerve-visceral-sensory-fibers-interneurons-cardioacceleratory-center-cardioinhibitory-center.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/2b03762216d6cec83f8b80fcc1cd0b71.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 *** '''vagus nerve, bronchial branch'''; DISTRIBUTION={distributed as 2-3 branches on the anterior surface of the root of the lung, form the anterior and posterior  pulmonary plexus}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/237 Lung - glands of trachea, lungs, and bronchi] - increase in airway secretions; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchus Lung - smooth muscles of trachea and bronchial tree] - constriction of trachea and bronchioles}
 **** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LUNG|Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
@@ Line 290: / Line 290: @@
 ** '''vagus nerve, neck'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}
 *** '''laryngeal nerve''' (Galen's nerve, [http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/pharynx.html Pharynx and Larynx]); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory}
-**** <img src="http://static-www.icr.org/i/articles/af/laryngeal_nerve.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/5fb7e1c5310af4fcd11b6a603be4dc03.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 **** '''laryngeal nerve, superior''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne192.htm SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior GANGLION of vagus nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={inferior constrictor of the pharynx, cricothyroid muscle, and mucous membrane of back of tongue and larynx}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, visceral motor}
 ***** '''laryngeal nerve, external''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne256.htm EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={the smaller of the two branches into which the superior laryngeal nerve divides}; DISTRIBUTION={descending under cover of the sternothyroid muscle and innervating the cricothyroid and the inferior constrictor of the pharynx}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arytenoid_muscle Speaker - arytenoid muscle] - approximate the arytenoid cartilages (close rima glottidis); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyroid_muscle Speaker - cricothyroid muscle] - tension and elongation of the vocal folds (has minor adductory effect); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_muscle_of_thyroid_gland Speaker - levator muscle of thyroid gland] - elevates the thyroid gland}
@@ Line 297: / Line 297: @@
 ****** fiber: GVA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SFN}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LUNG|Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 **** '''recurrent laryngeal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne260.htm LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE]; MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne271.htm RIGHT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={vagus nerve (chiefly the cranial part of the accessory nerve)}; DISTRIBUTION={tracheal mucosa, esophagus, cardiac plexus}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}
-***** <img src="http://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/clinical_procedures/79926-1412901-1923100-1975290.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/77a9a8caa8ea0f7abebe01f9b73d5493.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ***** '''inferior laryngeal nerve''' (anterior); ORIGIN={recurrent laryngeal nerve, especially the terminal portion of this nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={intrinsic muscles of larynx, except cricothyroid; communicates with the internal laryngeal nerve, all muscles of larynx (EXCEPT cricothryoid)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryepiglottic_muscle Speaker - aryepiglottic muscle] - close the inlet; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle Speaker - lateral cricoarytenoid muscle] - adduct and medially rotate the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments towards the midline and backwards and so closing off the rima glottidis; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_arytenoid Speaker - oblique arytenoid muscle] - sphincter of the laryngeal inlet; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle Speaker - posterior cricoarytenoid muscle] - abducts and laterally rotates the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments away from the midline and forward and so opening the rima glottidis; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroarytenoid_muscle Speaker - thyroarytenoid muscle] - thickens the vocal folds and decreases length; also helps to adduct the vocal folds during speech; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroepiglottic_muscle Speaker - thyroepiglottic muscle] - closes the inlet to the larynx}
 ****** <img src="http://academic.amc.edu/martino/grossanatomy/site/Medical/CASES/GI/pop%20ups/pop%20up%20images/larynx.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
@@ Line 308: / Line 308: @@
 **** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_JUG|Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]]}
 *** '''vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne264.htm PHARYNGEAL BRANCH OF VAGUS NERVE]); ORIGIN={arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={passes across the internal carotid artery to the upper border of the Constrictor pharyngis medius, where it divides into numerous filaments, which join with branches from the glossopharyngeal, sympathetic, and external laryngeal to form the pharyngeal plexus; sensory innervates the mesopharyngeal epithelium, GSE - see accessory nerve}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_veli_palatini Feeder - levator veli palatini muscle] - elevates soft palate; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatopharyngeus_muscle Speaker - palatopharyngeus muscle] - pulls pharynx and larynx}
-**** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/cn_x_-_superior_laryngeal_nerve_(edit)1317319244856.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/018f4dfeef83161d5bbeb6f1e0d47c3b.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 **** fiber: SVE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_SPEAKER|Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER]]}
 **** '''vagus nerve, pharyngeal plexus''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne263.htm PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS], [http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne268.htm RAMUS LINGUALIS VAGI]); ORIGIN={vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch}; DISTRIBUTION={From the plexus, branches are distributed to the muscles and mucous membrane of the pharynx and the muscles of the soft palate, except the Tensor veli palatini. A minute filament descends and joins the hypoglossal nerve as it winds around the occipital artery}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatoglossus_muscle Feeder - palatoglossus muscle] - raising the back part of the tongue; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpingopharyngeus_muscle Nose - salpingopharyngeus muscle] - raise the nasopharynx}
@@ Line 318: / Line 318: @@
 *** '''vagus nerve, renal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne269.htm RENAL BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVES], [http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne113.htm RENAL PLEXUS]); DISTRIBUTION={The plexus  follows the renal artery and is a subsidiary of the celiac plexus. It enters the splenic substance by passing into the various divisions of the artery. It supplies the renal corpuscles and tubules, together with the arteries. It gives vasomotor nerves to the renal arteries; provide parasympathetic innervation to the kidney; connection to ureteric and gonadal plexuses}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 ** '''vagus nerve, stomach and liver'''; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
-*** <img src="http://www.digestivedistress.com/sites/default/files/graphics/Digestion,stomac1.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/a7c6d60aa7aeb747f57d9426a75b3bcc.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 *** '''vagus nerve, esophageal branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne255.htm ESOPHAGEAL PLEXUS],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne195.htm ESOPHAGEAL BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVE]); ORIGIN={formed by nerve fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk}; DISTRIBUTION={supply the esophagus and also the pericardium; parasympathetic: make the anterior vagal trunk (left vagus) and the posterior vagal trunk; sympathetic: intermediolateral cell column (IMLCC) of the thoracic spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 **** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
@@ Line 326: / Line 326: @@
 **** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL|Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT|Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]]}
 *** '''vagus nerve, hepatic branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne258.htm HEPATIC BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVES],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne109.htm HEPATIC PLEXUS]); ORIGIN={Anterior and Posterior vagus nerves}; DISTRIBUTION={join the hepatic plexus and through it are conveyed to the liver}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland Liver - abdominal alimentary tract glands] - secretes bile into the small intestine via the bile duct employing the gallbladder as a reservoi}
-**** <img src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S092544391000013X-gr1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/886e6477ca42d606dd31c94f836eb5d4.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 **** '''vagus nerve, gastroduodenal branch'''; DISTRIBUTION={terminates in the upper duodenum, pancreas, pyloric sphincter, and antral stomach}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 ***** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
@@ Line 334: / Line 334: @@
 ***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL|Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT|Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LIVER|Liver,TARGET.TEA.LIVER]]}
 * '''vestibulocochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne183.htm VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE]; acoustic nerve, auditory nerve, eighth cranial nerve, VIII); ORIGIN={it emerges from the brain between the pons and the medulla oblongata, at the cerebellopontine angle and behind the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={is connected with the brain by corresponding roots, the vestibular and the cochlear roots}; MODALITY={special sensory, cranial motor}
-** <img src="http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%205/CN_VIII.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/ec1c0f913eb5ec6e2ea7484031d23d84.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 ** '''cochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne184.htm COCHLEAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={the part of the vestibulocochlear nerve concerned with hearing}; DISTRIBUTION={consisting of fibers that arise from the bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion and have their receptors in the spiral organ of the cochlea}; MODALITY={special sensory, cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://www.d.umn.edu/~jfitzake/Lectures/UndergradPharmacy/SensoryPhysiology/Audition/OHCFunction.html Ear - outer hair cells] - contracts basilar membrane; mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters cochlea}
 *** <img src="http://otah2o.wikispaces.com/file/view/organ_of_corti.gif/218355072/organ_of_corti.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
@@ Line 341: / Line 341: @@
 *** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]}
 ** '''vestibular nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne185.htm VESTIBULAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={the posterior part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which is concerned with the sense of equilibrium}; DISTRIBUTION={It consists of fibers arising from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, and divides peripherally into a rostral and a caudal part, with receptors in the ampullae of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule}; MODALITY={special sensory}
-*** <img src="http://webmedia.unmc.edu/medicine/todd/papt/Wk15-Aud-Vest_files/slide0065_image024.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/6ba1a5d7b7bb6b97c33733ddbfe60d14.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 *** '''ampullar nerve'''; MODALITY={special sensory}
 **** fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_CVB|Vestibular Ganglion - Semicircular Canal Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.CVB]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HT_SVBN|Superior Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.SVBN]]}

Difference between revisions of "HumanNervesCranial"

Revision as of 12:53, 15 June 2016

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CRANIAL NERVES - FACE

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