BiologicalHierarchyReduced
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Biological Hierarchy Reduced
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This page is reduction of Full Biological Hierarchy for the purpose of modeling in aHuman.
Biological Reduction Rationale
- reduction hierarchy contains only functions copied to aHuman
- visual brain functions are regarded as generic sensory approach
- motor is replaced by effector, movement is action
- body remained as term, but its nature is completely different for aHuman
- task performed for the mind is the same - default reward system and mandatory part for any action
- hence somatosensory brain elements remained predefined mandatory sensor, body feeling.
- single hemisphere is assumed to be enough
- blood and heart are regarded as regulatory functions, controlling resources spent by brain
- thalamic area is primarily considered as relay, and to simplify picture, some direct ways, e.g. ACA to HCA are treated as passing via THA
- limbic lobe was split into parts allocated to other modules, because parts of limbic system seem to me quite different while having strong connections to specific parts
- anterior cingulate cortex has strong bidirectional connections with anterior cortex and allocated to ACA, posterior cingulate - to PCA as well
- secondary role of thalamic area is spreading of modulatory activity (sleep-awake cycle, hormones, neurotransmitters and others), and because of that septal nuclei allocated to THA
- hippocampus is strong aligned with memory formation functions of temporal lobe - enthorinal and perirhinal cortices and eventually allocated to HCA
- fornix is hippocampus communication facility and that's why allocated also to HCA
- basal ganglia is rational primitive motor system and needs to be separate module because it is one of major non-cortical functions
- amygdala is allocated to BGA because generating movements by emotional, but not rational signals
Biological Brain Hierarchy Reduction
- neocortex
- frontal lobe
- prefrontal cortex (personality, judgement, complex planning, inhibition, morality)
- orbitofrontal cortex (involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision-making and expectation)
- premotor cortex (patterned effector actions and planning)
- primary motor cortex (individual actions)
- frontal eye fields (control specific sensor)
- prefrontal cortex (personality, judgement, complex planning, inhibition, morality)
- parietal lobe
- primary somatosensory cortex (anterior, basic sensations of the body)
- superior parietal lobule (posterior, body sensations relationships, locating objects in space)
- inferior parietal lobule (posterior, semantics, involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology)
- intraparietal sulcus (posterior, essential in guidance of limb and eye movement)
- general interpretation area (opinions)
- occipital lobe
- primary visual cortex (simple specific sensor spatial primitives)
- visual associations (intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns)
- fusiform gyris (object representation from specific sensor)
- temporal lobe
- insula (habits, visceral sensations)
- parahippocampal gyrus (formation of spatial memory, encoding and recognition of scenes)
- anterior parahippocampal gyrus
- perirhinal cortex (specific sensor perception and memory, facilitates recognition and identification of environmental stimuli)
- entorhinal cortex (hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation, autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep)
- posterior parahippocampal gyrus (spatial declarative memory)
- anterior parahippocampal gyrus
- frontal lobe
- limbic system
- cingulate cortex (life resources consumption control, cognitive and attentional processing)
- anterior cingulate cortex (error and conflict detection processes)
- posterior cingulate cortex (episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting)
- amygdala (signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli)
- septal nuclei (controller of theta rhythm, major source of projections to hippocampus)
- hippocampus (detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding)
- dentate gyrus (formation of memories, distinguishing multiple instances of similar events or multiple visits to the same location, stress and depression)
- subiculum (spatial relations, working memory)
- fornix (carries signals from the hippocampus)
- basal ganglia (primitive effectors system)
- striatum (planning and modulation of actions)
- caudate nucleus (part of the learning and memory system)
- putamen (regulate actions and influence various types of learning)
- nucleus accumbens (reward, pleasure, addiction, fear)
- nucleus accumbens core (acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy)
- nucleus accumbens shell (mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli)
- pallidum (reward and incentive motivation)
- globus pallidus externa (main regulator of the basal ganglia system)
- substantia nigra (reward, addiction, and actions)
- subthalamic nucleus (action selection)
- striatum (planning and modulation of actions)
- cingulate cortex (life resources consumption control, cognitive and attentional processing)
- diencephalon (relay system between sensory input neurons and other parts of the brain)
- thalamus (relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness)
- specific relay nuclei (project to/from specific functional area of neocortex)
- lateral geniculate body (specific sensor -> specific sensor cortex area)
- ventral posterior nucleus
- ventral posterior lateral nucleus (body sensations -> primary somesthetic area)
- ventral lateral/anterior nucleus (effector control feedback from cerebellum and striatum -> primary effector cortex)
- association nuclei (project to association areas)
- anterior nucleus (mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)
- medial nucleus (somatic sensory input from hypothalamus, amygdala -> prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum)
- lateral nucleus (hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus)
- posterior group nuclei (pain from spinothalamic tract and 5th cranial nerve -> insula)
- pulvinar nuclei (reciprocal connections with association areas)
- non-specific nuclei
- intralaminar nuclei (basal ganglia, reticular formation -> all parts of neocortex, effector control system, perceptions of various modalities)
- reticular nuclei (from all fibers leaving and entering the thalamus -> all thalamic nuclei, cortical regulation of the thalamic activity)
- specific relay nuclei (project to/from specific functional area of neocortex)
- hypothalamus (modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle)
- mammillary body (relay from the amygdala and hippocampus to thalamus)
- median eminence (stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary)
- thalamus (relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness)
- brain stem (main sensory innervation)
- medulla oblongata (autonomic, involuntary functions, relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord)
- midbrain
- tectum
- superior colliculus (preliminary specific sensor processing and control of specific sensor)
- cerebral peduncle
- midbrain tegmentum (involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways)
- crus cerebri (contains effector tracts)
- substantia nigra (sensor control, effector planning, reward seeking, learning, and addiction)
- tectum
- pons (relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions)
- cranial nerves
- 2 - optic nerve (transmits specific sensor information to the brain)
- 3 - oculomotor nerve (perform most sensor control)
- 4 - trochlear nerve (perform certain sensor control)
- 6 - abducens nerve (perform certain sensor control)
- cranial nerves
- cerebellum (complex actions, sequential thinking, attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing)
- peduncles
- inferior cerebellar peduncle (to/from medulla/spinal cord)
- middle cerebellar peduncle (from pons)
- superior cerebellar peduncle (to midbrain)
- arbor vitae (brings sensory/motor information to/from cerebellum)
- spinocerebellum (control actions power and coordination of multiple actions, cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions)
- cerebrocerebellum (participates in planning actions, sensory/prefrontal -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> motor cortex -> effectors
- choroid plexus (inhibits neuronal maturation)
- peduncles
- spinal cord
- anterolateral system (body feeling pathway)
- corticospinal tract (effector pathway for upper effector neuronal signals coming from the cerebral cortex/basal ganglia)
- lateral corticospinal tract (distal effector actions)
- anterior cortical spinal tract (affect general body state)
- ventral spinocerebellar tract (proprioceptive information travels up the spinal cord)
- dorsal spinocerebellar tract (conveys inconscient proprioceptive information)
