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| | == Biological Paths == | | == Biological Paths == |
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| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_fasciculus|neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_fasciculus neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway|sensory pathway transmitting fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebral cortex]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway sensory pathway transmitting fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebral cortex] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_spinothalamic_tract|sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord and transmitting pain, temperature, itch and crude touch to the thalamus]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_spinothalamic_tract sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord and transmitting pain, temperature, itch and crude touch to the thalamus] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract|pathway arising from motor area of the cerebral cortex and controlling movement of ipsilateral limbs]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract pathway arising from motor area of the cerebral cortex and controlling movement of ipsilateral limbs] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract|pathway, conducting voluntary motor impulses from primary motor cortex to the motor centers of the cord]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract pathway, conducting voluntary motor impulses from primary motor cortex to the motor centers of the cord] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract|pathway connecting the cerebral cortex to the medulla in brainstem, controlling muscles of the face, head and neck]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract pathway connecting the cerebral cortex to the medulla in brainstem, controlling muscles of the face, head and neck] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum|pathway connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitating interhemispheric communication]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum pathway connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitating interhemispheric communication] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocortical_pathway|pathway connecting ventral tegmentum to frontal cerebral cortex, involved in motivation and emotional response]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocortical_pathway pathway connecting ventral tegmentum to frontal cerebral cortex, involved in motivation and emotional response] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway|pathway begins in midbrain and connects to striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway pathway begins in midbrain and connects to striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway|pathway connecting substantia nigra with striatum, involved in production of movement]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway pathway connecting substantia nigra with striatum, involved in production of movement] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway|intra-hypothalamus pathway, involved in regulation of lactation, menstrual cycle, vision, blood flow and sexual functions]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway intra-hypothalamus pathway, involved in regulation of lactation, menstrual cycle, vision, blood flow and sexual functions] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_stream|ventral stream travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_stream ventral stream travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_stream|dorsal stream stretches from the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe forward into the parietal lobe]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_stream dorsal stream stretches from the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe forward into the parietal lobe] |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papez_circuit|Papez circuit, one of major pathways of limbic system and is involved in cortical control of emotion]] | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papez_circuit Papez circuit, one of major pathways of limbic system and is involved in cortical control of emotion] |
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| | Operating of the mind as a whole. Mind parts. | | Operating of the mind as a whole. Mind parts. |
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| − | * [[http://www.humanneurophysiology.com/imageshypothalami/fig-12.gif|From Cortex to Old Brain]] | + | * [http://www.humanneurophysiology.com/imageshypothalami/fig-12.gif From Cortex to Old Brain] |
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| | http://www.humanneurophysiology.com/imageshypothalami/fig-12.gif | | http://www.humanneurophysiology.com/imageshypothalami/fig-12.gif |
| Module and allocated areas |
Functions |
Flows |
|
Head Sensors Area (HSA)
|
- Owned Functions
- capture events from external world
- capture static data from external world
- expressing sensing behaviour
- Involved in Functions
- perceptions of various modalities
- pay attention to selected area / overt attention
- tracking objects / covert attention
- saccadic perception / covert attention
|
- Inbound
- (External World) -> sensor data
- PCA -> BSA -> low-level sensory control in perception
- ACA -> BSA -> attention area selection
- Outbound
- sensory data -> BSA
- perception control feedback -> THA -> PCA
- attention sensor control feedback -> THA -> ACA
- sensory state expression -> (External World)
|
|
Thalamus Area (THA)
- diencephalon
- limbic system
|
- Owned Functions
- visceral control center of the body
- relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
- regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness
- control memory, attention and alertness
- controller of theta rhythm
- Involved in Functions
- effector control system
- perceptions of various modalities
- cortical regulation of the thalamic activity
- modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle
- attention, planning, organization
- abstract thinking, multi-tasking and active memory
|
- Relay
- BSA -> sensor data -> PCA
- BSA -> sensor data (lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar) -> HCA
- BSA -> perception (intralaminar) -> BGA
- BSA -> cerebellum effector control feedback -> ACA
- BSA -> body sensations -> ACA
- BSA -> pain -> PCA
- HCA -> alerts, (anterior/medial nuclei) -> ACA
- BGA -> sensory data (ventral posterolateral/posteromedial nucleus) -> ACA
- BGA -> striatum effector control feedback -> ACA
- Reciprocal
- PCA -> (medial nuclei) -> PCA
- HCA -> (anterior nuclei) -> HCA
- ACA -> (medial nuclei) -> ACA
|
|
Anterior Cortex Area (ACA)
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- primary somatosensory cortex
- limbic system
- cingulate cortex
- anterior cingulate cortex
|
- Owned Functions
- self-consciousness / personality / identity
- top-level complex planning / imagination
- inhibition control
- model of good ideal behaviour / morality
- top-level patterned effector actions
- cortex individual effector actions and sensor control
- top-level error and conflict detection
- guide task selection
- monitor progress
- basic sensations of the body
- working memory
- Involved in Functions
- sensory integration
- representing the affective value of reinforcers
- decision-making
|
- Inbound
- BGA -> THA -> sensory data
- PCA -> perception data
- HCA -> past experience
- HCA -> reward signals (orbitomedial PFC)
- BSA -> THA -> body senses
- THA -> bioregulatory responses
- Outbound
- current converged sensory input (pcf) -> HCA
- motor/behavioral commands -> PCA
- reward, feedback to bias flow along expectation -> PCA
- motor control -> BSA
- anti-inhibitory emotional context -> BGA
- inhibitory emotional context -> BGA
- guidance of movement -> BGA
- (premotor) -> THA
|
|
Posterior Cortex Area (PCA)
- occipital lobe
- parietal lobe
- superior parietal lobule
- inferior parietal lobule
- intraparietal sulcus
- general interpretation area
- limbic system
- cingulate cortex
- posterior cingulate cortex
|
- Owned Functions
- body sensations relationships / body image
- opinions
- simple specific sensor spatial primitives
- intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns
- object representation from specific sensor
- episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting
- Involved in Functions
- semantics
- reading both in regards to meaning and phonology
- guidance of limb and eye movement
|
- Inbound
- HSA -> BSA -> THA -> sensory data
- HSA -> BSA -> THA -> sensory perception control feedback
- HCA -> THA -> long-term memory sequences
- BSA -> THA -> pain
- ACA -> reward, feedback to bias flow along expectation
- Outbound
- sensory data -> HCA
- associations -> THA -> ACA
- guide saccadic perception -> BSA -> HSA
- feelings -> ACA
|
|
Hippocampus Area (HCA)
- temporal lobe
- limbic system
|
- Owned Functions
- specific sensor perception and memory
- working memory
- autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories
- formation and storing spatial declarative memory
- encoding and recognition of scenes, spatial relations
- detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding
- distinguishing multiple instances of similar events, multiple visits to the same location
- emotional and affective state
- distinguishing stress and depression
- assigning stimuli to categorical classes
- habits, visceral sensations
- Involved in Functions
- memory consolidation
- memory optimization in sleep
- recognition and identification of environmental stimuli
|
- Inbound
- PCA -> primary and secondary sensory perception
- PCA -> polymodal/associative sensory perception
- ACA -> converged sensory input
- BSA -> sensory input (hierarchical sensory pathway)
- THA -> emotional stimulus
- THA -> modulatory inputs
- THA (septum) -> (fornix) -> initiation of hippocampal thata-rithm
- Outbound
- sensory association -> BGA
- reward signals -> ACA
- past experience -> ACA
- mismatch signal (to raise ACh in HC to facilitate encoding) -> THA (septum)
- match signal (to attenuate ACh in HC to facilitate retrieval) -> THA (septum)
|
|
Basal Ganglia Area (BGA)
|
- Owned Functions
- starting, stopping and monitoring movement
- inhibit unnecessary movement
- planning and modulation of actions, regulate actions
- reward, pleasure, addiction, fear
- reward and incentive motivation
- acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy
- mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli
- action selection
- block slow thinking
- quick threat assessment
- signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli
- Involved in Functions
- learning and memory system
- influence various types of learning
|
- Inbound
- ACA -> anti-inhibitory emotional context
- ACA -> inhibitory emotional context
- HCA -> sensory association
- Outbound
- regulation -> ACA
- cognition -> ACA
- instant actions -> BSA
- sensory data (auditory, dorsal auditory pathway) -> PCA
|
|
Brain Stem Area (BSA)
|
- Owned Functions
- autonomic behavior, autonomic, involuntary functions
- integrate sensors and effectors for precise timing of actions
- maintain wakefulness and attention
- modulation of outbound effectors information
- preliminary specific sensor processing
- complex actions, sequential thinking
- attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing
- inhibits neuronal maturation
- Involved in Functions
- control of specific sensor
- many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways
- sensor control, effector planning
- reward seeking, learning, and addiction
- sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions
- control actions power and coordination of multiple actions
- control cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions
- planning actions
|
|
|
Spinal Cord Area (SCA) (Body)
- spinal cord
- (peripheral nervous system)
|
- Owned Functions
- body feeling
- affect general body state
- generating proprioceptive information
- conveys inconscient proprioceptive information
- Involved in Functions
- activate effectors
- distal effector actions
|
|
Operating of the mind as a whole. Mind parts.
