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<pre style="color: green">Biological Mind Tracts</pre>
[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[MindTracts]] -> [[MindTractsDT]]

http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/bio-research.jpg
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This page is intended to describe set of descending tracts

__TOC__

= Tract Details =
(generated)

TRACT SET: '''Descending Tracts'''

<img src="http://o.quizlet.com/OvyHXzkWIfq4piBE7gtbUw.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


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=== ATS - autonomic tracts system ===
* external:
* synonyms: descending autonomic fibers
* function:directs activity of glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscle
* generic path: {cortex, HT, AM, RF} -> {sympathetic and parasympathetic}


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==== HTST - hypothalamospinal tract ====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamospinal_tract
* function:control autonomic components
* notes: descend in dorsolateral funiculus; oculosympathetic pathway; next to superior cervical ganglion to common carotid - internal carotid - long ciliary nerves to pupillary dilator
* generic path: {paraventrical nucleus of hypothalamus} -> {IML, sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; ciliospinal center of IML (T1,T2)}

<img src="http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/autcont.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400>


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''HTST.CSC''': stress responses (from paraventricular and lateral hypohtalamus to IML and SPS)[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC|Ciliospinal Center,LAC.SC.IZ.CSC]]
* path '''HTST.IML''': blood pressure regulation (from paraventricular and lateral hypohtalamus to IML and SPS)[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML]]


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==== SSS - solitariospinal system ====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system
* function:autonomic control of breathing
* notes: respiratory, vomiting and micturition functions
* generic path: {ventrolateral solitary nucleus, retroambiguus nucleus} -> {diaphragm}

<img src="http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/resp-web/Fig_jpm/FIG5-5.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">



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===== SSET - solitariospinal expiratory tract =====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group
* function:facilitate expiratory motor neurons to intercostal muscles
* notes: nucleus ambiguus - cranial division innervates muscles of the ipsilateral accessory muscles of respiration, principally via the vagus; nucleus retroambiguus - caudal division provides inspiratory and expiratory drive to the motor neurones of the intercostal muscles
* generic path: {parabrachial nucleus to nucleus ambiguus, nucleus retroambiguus} -> {internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles}

<img src="http://www.as.miami.edu/chemistry/2086/chap23/The%20Respiratory%20System%20Part%202_files/image009.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''SSET.PATH''': facilitary expiratory muscles (descending in ventral funiculus)[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VM]]


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===== SSIT - solitariospinal inpiratory tract =====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group
* function:facilitate inspiratory motor neurons in phrenic nucleus
* notes: neck muscles, external intercostal muscles - conscious forced inspiration; pneumotaxic center = medial parabrachial nucleus + kolliker-fuse nucleus, breathing frequency
* generic path: {kolliker-fuse nucleus, receptors to solitary nucleus} -> {phrenic nucleus, inspiratory; diaphragm}

<img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp3611.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=600>


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''SSIT.PATH''': driving inspiratory muscles (descending in ventral part of lateral funiculus)[[BrainRegionLRC_HT_KFN|Kolliker-Fuse Nucleus,LRC.HT.KFN]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PHR]]


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=== ESS - extensor somatic system ===
* external:
* function:control extensor muscles


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==== ACST - anterior corticospinal tract ====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract
* synonyms: ventral corticospinal tract
* function:extensor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious
* notes: premotor BA 6, parietal BA 1,2,3

<img src="http://www2.fiu.edu/~condon/cs-cb.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''ACST.VL''': conscious control of distal extensors (premotor cortex to spinal cord VL)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_PMC_F2|Dorsal Caudal Premotor Cortex,NMA.NC.PMC.F2]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VL|Ventrolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VL]]
* path '''ACST.VM''': conscious control of axial extensors (premotor cortex to spinal cord VM)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_SMC_F3|Supplementary Motor Area,NMA.NC.SMC.F3]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VM]]


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==== MLFS - medial longitudinal fasciculus system ====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus
* function:connects the cranial nerve nuclei III (oculomotor nerve), IV (trochlear nerve) and VI (abducens nerve) together, and integrates movements directed by the gaze centers (frontal eye field) and information about head movement (from cranial nerve VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve)
* notes: connects together III, IV, and VI; integral component of saccadic eye movements as well as vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes; tectospinal and vestibulospinal
* generic path: {vestibular nucleus} -> {}


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===== TCST - tectospinal tract =====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectospinal_tract
* function:mediate reflex postural movements of head in response to visual and auditory stimuli
* notes: extrapyramidal; in response to bright and sudden movements and loud noises

<img src="http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/Images/23C.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=800>


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''TCST.DEEP''': coordinates head and eye movements; mediate reflex postural movements of head in response to visual stimuli (from deep layers of the superior colliculus; projects to contralateral and ipsilateral portion of first cervical neuromeres of spinal cord, oculomotor and trochlear nuclei and abducens nucleus)[[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_DEEP|Deep Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.DEEP]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN]]
* path '''TCST.INT''': coordinates head and eye movements; mediate reflex postural movements of head in response to auditory and somatosensory stimuli (from intermediate layers of the superior colliculus; projects to contralateral and ipsilateral portion of first cervical neuromeres of spinal cord, oculomotor and trochlear nuclei and abducens nucleus)[[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_DEEP|Deep Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.DEEP]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN]]


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===== VST - vestibulospinal tract =====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract
* function:alter muscle tone, extend, and change position of limbs and head with goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of body and head; maintain balance and to stabilize the visual image on the retina during head movements
* notes: extrapyramidal; proximal muscles, postural control; activates extensors, inhibits flexors; vestibular nuclei receive their primary input from the vestibular portion of C.N. VIII - vestibular-auditory

<img src="http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/Images/23D.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">



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====== LVST - lateral vestibulospinal tract ======
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract
* function:maintain an upright and balanced posture by stimulating extensor motor neurons in legs
* notes: also innervates muscles of the trunk, thus additionally aiding in body posture; lateral vestibular nuclei receive input from cerebellum
* generic path: {lateral vestibular nucleus; additional input from superior and inferior vestibular nuclei} -> {extensor muscles of legs}

<img src="http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/Images/13F1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''LVST.PATH''': maintain an upright and balanced posture by stimulating extensor motor neurons in legs (originating in lateral, superior, and inferior vestibular nuclei (primarily the lateral); projects ipsilaterally down to lumbar region of spinal cord)[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_LVBN|Lateral Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.LVBN]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VL|Ventrolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VL]]


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====== MVST - medial vestibulospinal tract ======
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract
* function:controls position of the head, neck, and eyes in response to changes in posture
* notes: controlling lower motor neurons associated with the spinal accessory nerve - CN XI; additionally, projects superiorly to the paramedian pontine reticular formation, indirectly innervating the nuclei of CN VI and III
* generic path: {medial vestibular nucleus} -> {spinal accessory nucleus, paramedian pontine reticular formation; found only in cervical spine and above}

<img src="http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/Images/13F.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''MVST.PATH''': it controls head and whole body orientation (from medial vestibular nucleus; projects bilaterally down spinal cord and triggers ventral horn of cervical spinal circuits)[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_MVBN|Medial Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.MVBN]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN]]


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==== RTSS - reticulospinal system ====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulospinal_tract
* function:locomotion and postural control
* notes: extrapyramidal; proximal muscles, postural control; integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture; facilitates and inhibits voluntary movement; influences muscle tone; mediates autonomic functions; modulates pain impulses; influences blood flow to lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

<img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp14107.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=600>



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===== MRST - medullary reticulospinal tract =====
* external:
* synonyms: lateral reticulospinal tract
* function:inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement
* generic path: {Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus} -> {extensor muscles, all levels of spinal cord}

<img src="http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/descmoto.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=600>


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''RTSS.MGC''': coordinate with phasic movements to and from paradoxical sleep; inhibit with enkephalin (from nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (vasodepressor center) to lamina VII)[[BrainRegionLRC_HL_PRF_GCR|Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus,LRC.HL.PRF.GCR]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML]]


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===== PRST - pontine reticulospinal tract =====
* external:
* synonyms: medial reticulospinal tract
* function:exciting anti-gravity, extensor muscles; mediate postural adjustments in response to startling stimuli
* generic path: {Pontine Reticular Formation } -> {extensor muscles, all levels of spinal cord}

<img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp3624.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=600>


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''RTSS.PNC''': mediate head movement, suppresses muscle tone during REM sleep (from caudal pontine reticular nucleus to lamina VII and lamina VIII of spinal cord)[[BrainRegionLRC_HT_PRF_CRF|Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus,LRC.HT.PRF.CRF]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VM]]
* path '''RTSS.PNO''': coordinate with phasic movements to and from paradoxical sleep (from oral pontine reticular nucleus to lamina VII and lamina VIII of spinal cord)[[BrainRegionLRC_HT_PRF_RPO|Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus,LRC.HT.PRF.RPO]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VM]]


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=== FSS - flexor somatic system ===
* external:
* function:control flexor muscles


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==== CBT - corticobulbar tract ====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract
* function:carrying the motor function of the non-oculomotor cranial nerves
* notes: V, VII, XI, and XII; indirectly - via IX and X in nucleus ambiguus

<img src="http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/spinobulbar.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=800>


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''CBT.FACE''': conscious face expression (cortex to face muscles)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM|Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]]
* path '''CBT.MOUTH''': conscious jaw move (cortex to jaw muscles)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM|Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM]]
* path '''CBT.NECK''': conscious neck move (cortex to neck muscles)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN]]
* path '''CBT.THROAT''': conscious pharynx/larynx move (cortex to throat muscles)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]]
* path '''CBT.TONGUE''': conscious tongue move (cortex to tongue muscles)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_HYG|Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG]]


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==== LSTT - lateral corticospinal tract ====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract
* function:flexor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious; volitional skilled motor activity
* notes: 90 percents of corticospinal fibers; 80 percents - contrallateral; 10 percents - unilateral; cervical-medial, thoracic, lumbar-lateral, distal muscles, decussating to contralateral and ipsilateral
* generic path: {cortex BA 1-4,6} -> {muscle groups that require concentration and conscious thought to control; upper limb digits}

<img src="http://www.ib.cnea.gov.ar/~redneu/2013/BOOKS/Principles%20of%20Neural%20Science%20-%20Kandel/gateway.ut.ovid.com/fulltextservice/ct%7B06b9ee1beed594190674f1983457a7dd32af6a0d5a4c9892~23/da4c18ff8.gif.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=800>


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''LCST.PL''': conscious control of proximal flexors (cortex to spinal cord PL)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PL]]
* path '''LCST.PM''': conscious control of axial flexors (cortex to spinal cord PM)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PM]]
* path '''LCST.RPL''': conscious control of distal flexors (cortex to spinal cord RPL)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_RPL|Retroposterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.RPL]]


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==== RBST - rubrospinal tract ====
* external: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract
* function:mediation of voluntary movement, upper limbs; control of flexor tone
* notes: extrapyramidal; activates flexors, inhibits extensors; pattern locomotion, inhibit reflex activity in spinal cord

<img src="http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/Images/22B.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=600>


'''Tract path details:'''
* path '''RBST.CR''': automatic control of flexors (cerebellum to red nucleus)Cerebellum,LLC.HT.CR ([[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_CC|Cerebrocerebellum]] (LLC.HT.CR.CC), [[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_SC|Spinocerebellum]] (LLC.HT.CR.SC), [[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_VC|Vestibulocerebellum]] (LLC.HT.CR.VC)) -> [[BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD|Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD]]
* path '''RBST.MC''': conscious modulation of automatic flexors activity (cortex to red nucleus)[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]] -> [[BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD|Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD]]
* path '''RBST.PL''': automatic control of proximal flexors (red nucleus to spinal cord PL)[[BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD|Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PL]]
* path '''RBST.PM''': automatic control of axial flexors (red nucleus to spinal cord PM)[[BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD|Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PM]]
* path '''RBST.RPL''': automatic control of distal flexors (red nucleus to spinal cord RPL)[[BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD|Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_RPL|Retroposterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.RPL]]