View source for BrainRegionLMC MM VTA

<pre style="color: green">Ventral Tegmental Area</pre>
@@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaLMC]] -> [[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA]]
----

This page covers biological details of component Ventral Tegmental Area.
Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

* '''Top-down path to region''': Midbrain Mesencephalon -> [[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area]] (LMC.MM.VTA) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
* '''Type''': nucleus
* '''Quality''': L0
* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaLMC|Lower Brain - Modulatory Contol Area]] (LMC)
* '''Area circuit''': Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness (DA)
* '''Role''': processor.autonomic
* '''Function''': Respond to novel stimuli, unexpected rewards, and reward predictive sensory cues
(generated)
= Components =
(generated)


'''Component items''':
* '''Ventral Tegmental Nucleus''' ('''LMC.MM.VTG'''): moderates hippocampal-driven rhythmic firing frequency in medial mammillary
* '''Parabrachial Pigmented Area'''
* '''Paranigral Nucleus'''
* '''Parafasciculus Retroflexus Area'''

= Connectivity =
(generated)


http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/LMC.MM.VTA.dot.png

'''Inbound Region Connections:'''

{| class=wikitable width=80%
| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
|-
| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|FAM.FD.LHB.MED]] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || excitatory-glu || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> VTA)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST|FAM.FT.BNST]] || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference)
|-
| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_CORE|FEC.FT.ACC.CORE]] || Nucleus Accumbens Core || inhibitory-gaba || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_VP_VM|FEC.FT.VP.VM]] || Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial || inhibitory-gaba || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Craving (VPAL -> VTA, abstract)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|FEC.HT.TG.IPD]] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || modulatory-ach || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> VTA)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]] || Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus || inhibitory-gaba || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (RMTG -> VTA)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaLPC|LPC]] || [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|LPC.HL.SOL]] || Solitary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (NTS -> VTA)]
|}

'''Outbound Region Connections:'''

{| class=wikitable width=80%
| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
|-
| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC|FAM.FT.AM.CEC]] || Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision || modulatory-da || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH|FEC.FT.ACC.SH]] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || modulatory-da || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Craving (VTA -> NACC, abstract)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT|FEC.FT.PU.LT]] || Dorsal Putamen Lateral || modulatory-da || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VTA -> DS, abstract)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_MED|FEC.FT.PU.MED]] || Dorsal Putamen Medial || modulatory-da || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VTA -> DS, abstract)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaFMM|FMM]] || [[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB|FMM.FD.MB.MMB]] || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || modulatory-da || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_CA1D|FMM.FT.HC.CA1D]] || Distal CA1 of Hippocampus || modulatory-da || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> HC, abstract)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_LEC|FMM.NC.PH.LEC]] || Lateral Entorhinal Cortex || modulatory-da || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VTA -> EC, abstract)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM|LAC.FD.HT.PRM]] || Premammillary Nucleus || modulatory-da || (unknown reference)
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|LAC.FD.HT.PV]] || Paraventricular Nucleus || modulatory-da || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaNDM|NDM]] || [[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG|NDM.NC.AL.DACG]] || Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area || modulatory-da || (unknown reference)
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC|NDM.NC.AL.FPC]] || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || modulatory-da || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (VTA -> MPFC, abstract)]
|}

= Thirdparty Circuits =
(generated)

* [http://brmlab.cz/lib/exe/fetch.php?hash=fca48f&media=http%3A%2F%2Fars.els-cdn.com%2Fcontent%2Fimage%2F1-s2.0-S1364661308002490-gr2.jpg Regulation of Social Brain] - see [http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc Reference] (CT.SOCIAL-BRAIN)

 AMG=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
 Caud=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 DACC=[[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG|Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.DACG]]
 DLPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
 Hipp=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 IFG=[[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_IPG|Inferior Prefrontal Gyrus,NDM.NC.AL.IPG]]
 LSN=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_LH_LSN|Lateral Spinal Nucleus,LAC.SC.LH.LSN]]
 MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 PhippG=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 Put=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 SGC=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_AL_SGCG|Subgenual Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.AL.SGCG]]
 SN=Substantia Nigra,FEC.FT.SN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VACC=[[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG|Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG]]
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 VentPal=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/799323d73ce1925d1148d2575e2779a9.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f2.jpg Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Reference] (CT.MB-MEMORY)

 ADTH=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AD|Anterodorsal Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AD]]
 AMTH=[[BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_AM|Anteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.AM]]
 AVTH=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AV|Anteroventral Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AV]]
 DTN=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT|Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.LDT]]
 LMB=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB|Lateral Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.LMB]]
 MMB=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB|Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB]]
 MedialEC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 PAS=[[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_PAS|Parasubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.PAS]]
 POS=[[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_POS|Postsubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.POS]]
 PRS=[[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_PRS|Presubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.PRS]]
 SEP=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
 SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 SupraMM=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM|Supramammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SUM]]
 TuberoMM=Lateral Tuberal Nuclei,LAC.FD.HT.LTUB (see [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]])
 VTN=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/c973c3b2fef0f2bf256543a0a064fe81.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/6-HippocampalVTA.jpg Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference] (CT.LONG-TERM-MEMORY-VTA)

 ACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 CA1=Ventrolateral Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA1 (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 CA3=Dorsomedial Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA3 (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 DG=[[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_DG|Dentate Gyrus,FMM.FT.HC.DG]]
 EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 PPTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN]]
 SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e3d02da6dc6102c07ec019fae91c8253.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/images/nrendo.2010.93-f1.jpg Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Reference] (CP.BOWELS)

 AMY=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
 ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]]
 DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 ME=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE|Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]]
 NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 NTS=[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]
 OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 PBN=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]]
 PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
 VMN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]]
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1550acf4cfac7352ce9d8ba11a39c4e6.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference] (CM.ONUF)

 CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 DVM=[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN|Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]]
 IMG=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_IMG|Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG]]
 IML=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML]]
 LC=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC|Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]]
 MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 MPOA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]]
 NBM=[[BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM|Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM]]
 ONF=[[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF]]
 PBN=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]]
 PEL=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_PPG|Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG]]
 PU=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT|Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT]]
 PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
 SNC=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
 SPS=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS]]
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 ZI=[[BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD|Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/b3238c9c6efdcfa004931bec8815fc0b.jpeg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/file/view/Reward_circuit.jpg/315908202/Reward_circuit.jpg Reward circuit of human brain] - see [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reference] (CF.REWARD-CIRCUIT)

 AM=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
 HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/284310755a3e65beb74826e15beade5d.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/8-Urges9proof.jpg Craving] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference] (CF.CRAVING)

 NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 OMPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 SNr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_MED|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial,FEC.FT.SNR.MED]]
 VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/03180da352394bdd7711e289118a3d96.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://sni.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/3520/SNI-3-40-g001.png Amygdala and its network] - see [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Reference] (CF.AM-NET)

 BLN=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP|Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.BP]]
 CEA=Central Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM.CEA (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
 EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 HTS=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 ITC=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_IT_TE|Inferotemporal Cortex,NSA.NC.IT.TE]]
 LA=Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.LA (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
 LHB=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
 MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_CR|Cognitive Thalamus]])
 MPFC=[[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OMPFC]]
 NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 PAG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]]
 RMTG=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
 STC=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3|Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3]]
 VGDM=[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN|Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]]
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/148ecc584cca86040df3ac88ecdbcba6.png" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f4.jpg Medial mammillary nucleus and theta rhythm] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html Reference] (CT.MMB-THETA)

 AVTH=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AV|Anteroventral Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AV]]
 HF=[[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation,FMM.FT.HF]]
 MMB=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB|Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB]]
 RSP=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_RSC|Retrosplenial Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.RSC]]
 SEP=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
 SupraMM=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM|Supramammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SUM]]
 VTN=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/111fc1b02f4b92516dc6ba2b8dc06e0d.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://img.springerimages.com/Images/Springer/PUB=Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg/JOU=00359/VOL=2005.191/ISU=3/ART=2004_565/MediaObjects/WATER_s00359-004-0565-9fhc1.jpg Oculomotor decision-making] - see [http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 Reference] (CP.OCULOMOTOR-DECISION-MAKING)

 AMYG=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
 CGa=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [[BrainCenterNC_ACG|Anterior Cingulate Area]])
 CGp=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG|Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG]]
 Caudate=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 FEF=Frontal Eye Field,NMA.NC.PMC.FEF (see [[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex]])
 LIP=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPS_LIP|Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP]]
 NAC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 PFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
 SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 SEF=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_SMC_SEF|Supplementary Eye Field,NPE.NC.SMC.SEF]]
 SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
 SNr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL]]
 Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1d4f1e638e95cbcc831ce811b7c2518a.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/70852/fnhum-07-00826-HTML/image_m/fnhum-07-00826-g002.jpg Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection] - see [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full Reference] (CF.REM-HB)

 DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
 DTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT|Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.DTG]]
 EPN=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF|Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF]]
 GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 LHT=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 LHbL=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT|Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT]]
 LHbM=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED]]
 NI=[[BrainRegionFAM_HT_TG_NI|Incertus Nucleus,FAM.HT.TG.NI]]
 RMTg=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
 Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
 SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 VTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTG]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/9876de47985d221848d9333bddb7bf59.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/images/nn.3779-F2.jpg Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems] - see [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Reference] (CF.HB-DA5HT)

 DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
 DRN=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN|Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN]]
 GPb=Dorsal Pallidum,FEC.FT.DP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 IPN=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
 LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 LHbL=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT|Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT]]
 LHbM=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED]]
 LPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO|Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]]
 LS=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_LT|Lateral Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.LT]]
 MHb=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
 MRN=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
 MS=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_MED|Medial Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.MED]]
 PS=Posterior Septal Group,FAM.FT.SEP.PG (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei]])
 RMTg=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
 SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VP=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/97cf0802ee48a418ff7f70f80ce204e1.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg Habenula Connections] - see [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Reference] (CF.HB-CONNECTIONS)

 CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
 DR=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN|Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN]]
 GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 IP=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
 LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]])
 LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
 LPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO|Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]]
 MHb=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
 MR=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC|Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC]]
 PB=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE|Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]]
 S=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
 SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/fa0c61d9adf99556d6de6701a35123b8.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://d2avczb82rh8fa.cloudfront.net/content/jn/107/10/2633/F1.large.jpg Connectivity map of the habenula] - see [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Reference] (CF.HB-CONN)

 CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 EP=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF|Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF]]
 Hippo=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 IPN=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
 L=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
 LH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 M=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
 NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 PAG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]]
 Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
 SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 Septum=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/213e030f063f9640f8ace79244e622d1.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


= References =
(generated)

* http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc
* http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html
* http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html
* http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html
* http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders
* http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity
* http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin
* http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html
* http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0
* http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full
* http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html
* http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula
* http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633