View source for BrainRegionLMC HT TG PPN

<pre style="color: green">Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei</pre>
@@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaLMC]] -> [[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN]]
----

This page covers biological details of component Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei.
Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

* '''Top-down path to region''': Hindbrain Metencephalon -> [[BrainCenterHT_TG|Pontine Tegmental Nuclei]] (HT.TG) -> [[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei]] (LMC.HT.TG.PPN) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
* '''Type''': nucleus
* '''Quality''': L0
* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaLMC|Lower Brain - Modulatory Contol Area]]
* '''Role''': processor.autonomic
* '''Function''': Provide sensory feedback to cerebral cortex; modulatory
* '''Notes to function''': 
** contains Rostral (Pars dissipata, anterior, dissipated subnucleus, GABA), Caudal (Pars compacta, anterior, compact subnucleus, ACh)
(generated)
= Components =
(generated)


'''Component items''':
* '''Entopeduncular Nucleus'''
* '''Peripeduncular Nucleus'''

= Connectivity =
(generated)


http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/LMC.HT.TG.PPN.dot.png

'''Inbound Region Connections:'''

{| class=wikitable width=80%
| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
|-
| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_VP_VM|FEC.FT.VP.VM]] || Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial || inhibitory-gaba || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VPAL -> PPTG, abstract)]
|}

'''Outbound Region Connections:'''

{| class=wikitable width=80%
| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
|-
| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_MED|FEC.FD.STN.MED]] || Subthalamic Nucleus Medial || modulatory-ach || [http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey (PPN -> STN, abstract)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|FEC.FT.SNR.DL]] || Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral || modulatory-ach || [http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey (PPN -> SNr, abstract)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaLRC|LRC]] || [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_INT|LRC.MM.SC.INT]] || Intermediate Superior Colliculus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths (PPN -> SC, abstract)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaNSA|NSA]] || [[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|NSA.FD.LGN]] || Lateral Geniculate Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths (PPN -> LGN)]
|}

= Thirdparty Circuits =
(generated)

* [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0387760401003308-gr2.jpg Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Reference] (CP.GENICULATE-PATHS)

 LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 PPN=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN]]
 RF=[[BrainCenterHT_RF|Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF]]
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 VC=[[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e143171723c707d294c39b42fbe01ee6.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.endurance-education.com/home/aragorn/www/endurance/htdocs/wp-content/uploads/Stephenson-Jones-2012-Fig-9-1024x489.png Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey] - see [http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs Reference] (CM.SN-PPN)

 GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 PPN=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN]]
 SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata,FEC.FT.SNR (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA|Subthalamus Area]])
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/ae877872fea7af03677243fd8481c11d.png" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/6-HippocampalVTA.jpg Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference] (CT.LONG-TERM-MEMORY-VTA)

 ACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 CA1=Ventrolateral Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA1 (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 CA3=Dorsomedial Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA3 (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 DG=[[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_DG|Dentate Gyrus,FMM.FT.HC.DG]]
 EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 PPTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN]]
 SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e3d02da6dc6102c07ec019fae91c8253.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/revneuro.2014.25.issue-4/revneuro-2014-0004/graphic/revneuro-2014-0004_fig1.jpg Serotonin regulation of subthalamic neurons] - see [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/revneuro.2014.25.issue-4/revneuro-2014-0004/revneuro-2014-0004.xml Reference] (CM.SUBTHALAMUS)

 CTX=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
 GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 PPN=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN]]
 SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata,FEC.FT.SNR (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA|Subthalamus Area]])
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/7c0828e642ed771ff576b3f3a6362c50.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


= References =
(generated)

* http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308
* http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs
* http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html
* http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/revneuro.2014.25.issue-4/revneuro-2014-0004/revneuro-2014-0004.xml