View source for BrainRegionLPC FD RT

<pre style="color: green">Retinal Nucleus</pre>
@@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaLPC]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT]]
----

This page covers biological details of component Retinal Nucleus.
Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

* '''Top-down path to region''': Forebrain Diencephalon -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus]] (LPC.FD.RT) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
* '''Type''': nucleus
* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaLPC|Lower Brain - Peripheral Control Area]]
* '''Role''': sensory.nucleus
* '''Function''': Spatial decorrelation through center surround inhibition
* '''Notes to function''': 100:1 cones/rods to ganglion cells aggregation, edge extraction; inner nuclear layer (5) and ganglion cell layer (3)
(generated)
= Components =
(generated)


* no child items defined

= Connectivity =
(generated)


http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/LPC.FD.RT.dot.png

'''Inbound Region Connections:'''

{| class=wikitable width=80%
| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
|-
| [[BrainAreaLPC|LPC]] || [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|LPC.PN.SG.RT]] || Retinal Ganglion || excitatory-glu || [http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/eye-and-ear/eye-and-ear21.html Retinal layers (INNER -> GANGLION)]
|}

'''Outbound Region Connections:'''

{| class=wikitable width=80%
| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
|-
| [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|LAC.FD.HT.SCN]] || Suprachiasmatic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Effect of light on pupil diameter (RET -> SCN)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaLRC|LRC]] || [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_PT_NOT|LRC.MM.PT.NOT]] || Nucleus of Optic Tract || excitatory-glu || [http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Vision.htm Targets of retina neurons (Retina -> Pretectum, abstract)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_PT_PON|LRC.MM.PT.PON]] || Pretectal Olivary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Effect of light on pupil diameter (RET -> OPN)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_PT_SL|LRC.MM.PT.SL]] || Sublentiform Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Vision.htm Targets of retina neurons (Retina -> Pretectum, abstract)]
|-
|  || [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_SUP|LRC.MM.SC.SUP]] || Superficial Superior Colliculus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths (Retina -> SC, abstract)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaNPE|NPE]] || [[BrainRegionNPE_FD_TH_MPV|NPE.FD.TH.MPV]] || Medial Pulvinar || excitatory-glu || [http://unifiedtao-en.blogspot.ru/2011/03/what-we-see-of-tao.html Retina and superior colliculus targets (Retina -> Pulvinar, abstract)]
|-
| [[BrainAreaNSA|NSA]] || [[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|NSA.FD.LGN]] || Lateral Geniculate Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths (Retina -> LGN)]
|}

= Thirdparty Circuits =
(generated)

* [http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mjoruMnWeaU/TVp_YcF7meI/AAAAAAAAAsQ/8oZIVJrZVnw/s1600/Gray722.png Retina and superior colliculus targets] - see [http://unifiedtao-en.blogspot.ru/2011/03/what-we-see-of-tao.html Reference] (CP.RETINA-SUPERIOR-COLLICULUS)

 Abducens=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD|Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD]]
 LGB=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 OCC=[[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]]
 Oculomotor=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]]
 Pulvinar=Pulvinar,FD.PV (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_SR|Sensory Thalamus]])
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 Trochlear=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_TRH|Trochlear Nucleus,LPC.MM.TRH]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1e47f3d4848f280932c3d1141f94c3fb.png" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Vision_files/image022.jpg Targets of retina neurons] - see [http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Vision.htm Reference] (CP.RETINA-OUTPUTS)

 HT=[[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus,FD.HT]]
 LGB=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 Pretectum=Pretectum,MM.PT (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/9bb9494221ce8a67b88309273de12d2c.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/31465/fnint-06-00094-r2/image_m/fnint-06-00094-g002.jpg Effect of light on pupil diameter] - see [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Reference] (CP.PUPIL-REFLEX)

 DMH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]]
 EW=[[BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN|Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN]]
 EYE=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]
 GC=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG|Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG]]
 IML=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC|Ciliospinal Center,LAC.SC.IZ.CSC]]
 LC=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC|Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]]
 OPN=[[BrainRegionLRC_MM_PT_PON|Pretectal Olivary Nucleus,LRC.MM.PT.PON]]
 PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
 RET=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SCG=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG|Superior Cervical Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.SCG]]
 SCN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1cde10342c1a8c5667b42d9df87c4f50.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0387760401003308-gr2.jpg Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Reference] (CP.GENICULATE-PATHS)

 LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 PPN=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN]]
 RF=[[BrainCenterHT_RF|Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF]]
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 VC=[[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e143171723c707d294c39b42fbe01ee6.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/eye-and-ear/images/eye-and-ear.21.jpeg Retinal layers] - see [http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/eye-and-ear/eye-and-ear21.html Reference] (CX.EYE-RETINA)

 GANGLION=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 INNER=[[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]]
 RODSCONES=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/6c60ce834c2c3a75de24681cb4a68cdb.jpeg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://asweknowit.ca/evcult/NatIntel/Fig12.GIF Visual perception abstraction] - see [http://asweknowit.ca/evcult/NatIntel/nat_intel.shtml Reference] (CP.VISUAL-PERCEPTION-ABSTRACTION)

 FEF=Frontal Eye Field,NMA.NC.PMC.FEF (see [[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex]])
 IT=[[BrainCenterNSA_NC_IT|Inferotemporal Area,NSA.NC.IT]]
 LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 OCC=[[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]]
 Prestriate=Associative Visual Cortex,NPE.NC.OCC.V3 (see [[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe]])
 Pulvinar=Pulvinar,FD.PV (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_SR|Sensory Thalamus]])
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
<img src="http://asweknowit.ca/evcult/NatIntel/Fig12.GIF" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/nri/2012/719056.fig.001.jpg Visual Dorsal Pathway] - see [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/nri/2012/719056 Reference] (CP.VISUAL-DORSAL-PATHWAY)

 IPL=[[BrainCenterNC_IPL|Inferior Parietal Lobule,NC.IPL]]
 IT=[[BrainCenterNSA_NC_IT|Inferotemporal Area,NSA.NC.IT]]
 LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 MST=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPL_MST|Medial Superior Temporal Area,NPE.NC.IPL.MST]]
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SPL=[[BrainCenterNC_SPL|Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL]]
 V1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_V1|Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1]]
 V2=Secondary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V2 (see [[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe]])
 V3=Associative Visual Cortex,NPE.NC.OCC.V3 (see [[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe]])
 V4=Fusiform Gyrus,NSA.NC.OCC.V4 (see [[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe]])
 V5=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_MT|Middle Temporal Area,NSA.NC.OCC.MT]]
 V6=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_PO|Parietooccipital Area,NSA.NC.OCC.PO]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/c2749de1240ee8cdd79b8bae73b372c4.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/images/nrn1345-i1.jpg Saccadic Vision] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/box/nrn1345_BX1.html Reference] (CP.SACCADIC-VISION)

 BG=[[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG]]
 CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 CR=Cerebellum,LLC.HT.CR (see [[BrainCenterLLC_HT_CRC|Cerebellar Complex]])
 FrontalCortex=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
 GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 LIP=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPS_LIP|Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP]]
 RF=[[BrainCenterHT_RF|Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF]]
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SCi=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 SCs=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 SNpr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL]]
 STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA|Subthalamus Area]])
 Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH
 VisualCortex=[[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e149203d6ac92f76e1ccabaef41666a6.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_02/a_02_cr/a_02_cr_vis/a_02_cr_vis_3a.jpg Paths from Retina to Parietal Cortex and IT] - see [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_02/i_02_cr/i_02_cr_vis/i_02_cr_vis.html Reference] (CP.PRIMARY-VISUAL-FORWARD-FLOWS)

 7a=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_SPL_PG|Caudal Precuneus,NPE.NC.SPL.PG]]
 LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 LIP=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPS_LIP|Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP]]
 MST=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPL_MST|Medial Superior Temporal Area,NPE.NC.IPL.MST]]
 MT=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_MT|Middle Temporal Area,NSA.NC.OCC.MT]]
 PO=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_PO|Parietooccipital Area,NSA.NC.OCC.PO]]
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 TE=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_IT_TE|Inferotemporal Cortex,NSA.NC.IT.TE]]
 TEO=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_IT_TEO|Preoccipital Inferotemporal Area,NSA.NC.IT.TEO]]
 V1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_V1|Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1]]
 V2=Secondary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V2 (see [[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe]])
 V3=Associative Visual Cortex,NPE.NC.OCC.V3 (see [[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe]])
 V4=Fusiform Gyrus,NSA.NC.OCC.V4 (see [[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe]])
 VIP=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_IPS_VIP|Ventral Intraparietal Sulcus,NSA.NC.IPS.VIP]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1c30169028b3eacfe0db4fffcf65feaa.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959438808001566-gr1.jpg Global visual system] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Reference] (CP.GLOBAL-VISUAL-SYSTEM)

 ATH=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_CR|Cognitive Thalamus]])
 BGA=[[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG]]
 FrontalCortex=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
 LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
 OPN=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]]
 ParietalCortex=Parietal Lobe,NC.LOBE.PAR
 Pulvinar=Pulvinar,FD.PV (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_SR|Sensory Thalamus]])
 RF=[[BrainCenterHT_RF|Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF]]
 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
 SCi=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 SCs=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
 SNr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL]]
 SpinalCord=Lamina IX,SC.VH.L9 (see [[BrainCenterSC_VH|Anterior/Ventral Horn]])
 Striatum=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 VisualCortex=[[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/7192d7e1c7041f25a6eddc32c4f67e91.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/53700/53763/53763_eye_md.gif Eye muscles] - see [http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/53700/53763/53763_eye.htm Reference] (CP.EYE-MUSCLES)

 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/0c5dec466363ce860ea96323fdf7671c.gif" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/CN_Musc_eye.jpg Eye muscle directions] - see [http://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/eyes.htm Reference] (CP.EYE-MUSCLE-DIRECTIONS)

 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/76389482df6a4610eb3deb7bddc8c7de.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

* [http://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/Eye_Move_Terminol.jpg Eye movement terminology] - see [http://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/eyes.htm Reference] (CP.EYE-MOVEMENT-TERMINOLOGY)

 Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/24165cd602fcee36c2ed1ce3e9fd491a.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


= References =
(generated)

* http://unifiedtao-en.blogspot.ru/2011/03/what-we-see-of-tao.html
* http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Vision.htm
* http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full
* http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308
* http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/eye-and-ear/eye-and-ear21.html
* http://asweknowit.ca/evcult/NatIntel/nat_intel.shtml
* http://www.hindawi.com/journals/nri/2012/719056
* http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/box/nrn1345_BX1.html
* http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_02/i_02_cr/i_02_cr_vis/i_02_cr_vis.html
* http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566
* http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/53700/53763/53763_eye.htm
* http://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/eyes.htm