#summary Spinal Cord
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This page is intended to discover component structure of spinal cord of biological human, sitting in between mind and peripheral organs.

<wiki:toc max_depth="3" />

= SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE =

== BASIC INFORMATIOIN ==

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_3/3-2_files/image002.jpg

  * regions - cervical (C1-C8), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacral (S1-S5), coccygeal (CX = CX1-CX3)
  * width - 1 cm (thoracic/sacral) /2 cm (cervical-lumbar)
  * height - 45 cm (men)/43 cm (women)

== SPINAL CORD SENSORY AND MOTOR ROOTS NEURONS ==

*Fibers by thickness*:

  * *A-alpha motor/sensory (Ia, Ib)*: 12-22 mcm, 70-120 m/sec, low theshold, 2ms after stimulus (motoneurons, touch, position and velocity, Meissner's corpuscles)
   * *A-alpha-Ia motor/sensory*: 
    * muscle spindle primary sensory endings (skin, two-point discrimination, extrafusal muscles, Meissner's corpuscles)
    * alpha motoneurons (extrafusal muscle fibers, skeletal movements, brainstem/spinal cord)
     * FF-type alpha motoneurons - biggest motoneurons, type IIB extrafusal muscle fibers (generate large force, poor efficiency, affected by static beta motoneurons)
     * FR alpha motoneurons - type IIA extrafusal muscle fibers (affected by static beta motoneurons)
     * S-type alpha motoneurons - type I muscle fibers (little force, metabolically efficient, affected by dynamic beta motoneurons)
   * *A-alpha-Ib sensory*:
    * sensory Golgi tendon organs
    * sensory Ruffini endings in skin
  * *A-beta motor/sensory (II)*: 8-13 mcm, 40-70 m/sec, higher theshold, 4ms after stimulus (fine touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary endings)
   * Merkel disks (weak position and strong velocity - irregular discharge, type I, hairy/hairless skin)
   * Ruffini's corpuscles (strong position and weak velocity receptors - regular discharge, type II, hairy/hairless skin)
   * Hairy skin velocity receptors (large hair follicles, slow and rapid movement of hairs and deflection of the skin)
   * Pacinian corpuscles (transient receptors, connective tissue, vibration, intrafusal muscles, tonic proprioceptive endings, flower-spray type)
   * beta motoneurons (skeleto-fusimotor, intrafusal fibers and collaterals to extrafusal muscle fibers, muscle spindles, increase dynamic sensitivity of ending)
    * beta dynamic motoneurons - type I extrafusal muscle fibers and the intrafusal bag1 fiber (slow contracting motor units)
    * beta static motoneurons - type IIA or IIB extrafusal fibers and the intrafusal bag2 fiber (fast contracting motor units)
  * *A-gamma motor*: 4-8 mcm, 15-40 m/sec, 6ms after stimulus
   * intrafusal muscle fibers (skeletal muscle tone, contract muscle spindles from both ends, fusimotor gamma neurons, affect Ia/II)
    * gamma static motoneurons - intrafusal bag2 fiber and the nuclear chain fibers
    * gamma dynamic motoneurons - intrafusal bag1 fiber
  * *A-delta sensory (III)*: 1-4 mcm, 5-15 m/sec, 20ms after stimulus
   * noxious receptors (first/fast, sharp, well-localized pain)
   * cold receptors (temperature, high-threshold mechano/heat, phasic)
   * pressure (rapidly adapting mechanosensitive, directional selectivity, crude touch)
  * *B motor*: 1-3 mcm, 3-14 m/sec, preganglionic autonomic, myelinated, ACh (sympathetic only in T1-L3, IML)
   * preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic (short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, close to vertebral, fibers ascend/descend to reach all spinal cord levels)
   * preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic (long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia)
   * preganglionic parasympathetic spinal (spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia, splantic nerves, abdominal organs)
   * preganglionic parasympathetic cranial (cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia, eye iris, lacrimal/submandibular/subingual glands, thorax, abdomen, GI tract)
  * *C motor/sensory (IV)*: 0.1-1 mcm, 0.2-2 m/sec, 60ms after stimulus (pain, touch, pressure, temperature, postganglionic autonomic)
   * C fiber nociceptors (responsible for the second, burning pain)
   * C fiber warming specific receptors (responsible for warmth)
   * ultra-slow histamine-selective C fibers (responsible for itch)
   * tactile C fibers (sensual touch, includes CT fibres, also known as C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (CLTM), which are unmyelinated afferents found in human hairy skin, and have a low mechanical threshold < 5 milliNewtons. They have moderate adaptation and may exhibit fatigue on repetitive stimulation and "afterdischarges" for several seconds after a stimulus)
   * C mechano- and metabo- receptors in muscles or joints (responsible for muscle exercise, burn and cramp)
   * postganglionic sympathetic C fibers (muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation, one-to-many, wide-spread, long and unmyelinated, NE)
   * postganglionic parasympathetic C fibers (from ganglia in/on wall of organ, visceral activity and repose, short, local)

*Sensory neurons*:

http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/43833/media/image2.jpeg

  * *Classification by receptor*:
   * *proprioceptors*: LI,LV, also LII (fast pain/temperature senses), A-delta fibers
   * *nociceptors*: LII,LI (slow pain/temperature senses, unmyelinated), C fibers
   * *mechanoreceptors*: LIII,LIV (touch/position/kinesthetic/vibration senses), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta fibers
http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v4/n4/images/nrn1073-f1.jpg
  * *Proprioception*
   * receptors origin: muscle spindle (intrafusal fibers), Golgi tendon organ, A-alpha-Ib/A-beta fibers
   * intrafusal fiber types:
    * *nuclear chain fibers* - report static length of muscle (aligned in a single row), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma fibers
    * *static nuclear bag fibers* - report static length of muscle (bundle in fiber middle), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma fibers
    * *dynamic nuclear bag fibers* - report rate of change of muscle length (bundle in fiber middle), A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma fibers
   * roman number fiber classification:
    * *Ia* - primary afferents, annulospiral endings, length and velocity, A-alpha-Ia fibers
    * *Ib* - Golgi tendon organ, report load being applied to muscle, A-alpha-Ib fibers
    * *II* - secondary afferents, flower spray endings, length only, A-beta fibers
  * *Sensory endings*
   * https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072507470/234428/mc_ch14_fig01.jpg
   * *Hair follicle receptors*: touch (slowly adapting, low threshold), A-beta fibers
   * *Merkel disk receptors*: vibration 5-15 Hz (high resolution tactile discrimination, static touch/pressure, mechanoceptors in hairless skin and mucosa, pressure and texture, slowly adapting, sustained response, low threshold), A-beta fibers
   * *Meissner's corpuscles*: vibration 20-50 Hz (tactile, dynamic touch/pressure, texture, rapidly adapting, superficial papillary receptor, low threshold, especially sensitive to light touch - like fingers and lips), A-alpha-Ia fibers
   * *Pacinian corpuscles*: vibration 60-400 Hz (deep receptors, subcutaneous tissue, viscera, rapidly adaptng, low threshold), A-beta fibers
   * *Ruffini's corpuscles*: stretching of skin (deep receptors, slowly adapting, low threshold), A-alpha-Ib/A-beta fibers
   * *Free nerve endings*: pain, temperature, crude touch, A-delta/C fibers
   * *Golgi tendon organs*: muscle tension (slowly adapting, low threshold), A-alpha-Ib fibers
   * *Muscle spindles*: skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length (fast), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta

*Motoneurons*:

http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/997/flashcards/1355997/gif/reflexarcs1336087730891.gif

  * *alpha-motoneuron*: extrafusal muscle fibres (voluntary movement), A-alpha-1a fibers
  * *beta-motoneuron*: intrafusal/extrafusal muscle fibres (voluntary movement), A-beta fibers
  * *gamma-motoneuron*: intrafusal muscle fibers (muscle tonus, additional contracts to maintain sensitivity in stretched state), A-gamma fibers
  * *preganglionic autonomic*: B fibers
  * *postganglionic autonomic*: C fibers
  * *renshaw cell*: axon collateral of alpha-motoneuron -> renshaw cell -> alpha-motoneuron (negative feedback)

*Motor interneurons*:

http://www.ib.cnea.gov.ar/~redneu/2013/BOOKS/Principles%20of%20Neural%20Science%20-%20Kandel/gateway.ut.ovid.com/fulltextservice/ct%7B06b9ee1beed594190674f1983457a7dd32af6a0d5a4c9892~43/da6c36ff5.gif.png

  * *interneurons of indirect supraspinal connections*: primary pathway for alpha-motoneurons
  * *renshaw interneurons*: interneurons of direct monosynaptic connections with alpha-motoneurons, some fibers of CST/LVST/RST, negative feedback on the same alpha-neurons; stop firing to be ready for next supraspinal signal
  * integrated rhythmic movements of upper and lower extremities like walking and running
   * *intersegmental interneurons*: reciprocal inhibition (excite agonist muscles/ inhibit antagonist muscles), feedback inhibition (selectively inhibit LMN to proper pattern in agonist muscle group)
   * *commissural interneurons*: to contralateral neurons (crossed extensor reflexes, alternate rhythms of both upper and lower extremities during running and walking)

== SPINAL CORD NUCLEI ==

http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/spinal-cord-nuclei.jpg

*outer:*
  * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV Lateral Cervical Nucleus] (LCN) (lateral horn, low-threshold fast-conducting, tactile/pressure relay); sensory, tract of Lissauer/spinocervical tract; A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta sensory data
  * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN Lateral Spinal Nucleus] (LSN) (lateral horn, relay in unmyelinated pathways between the periphery and brain, intersegmental integrator); sensory, spinohypothalamic tract/spinosolitary tract; A-delta/C sensory data

*sensory:*

http://www.bioon.com/bioline/neurosci/course/body4.gif

  * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] (MN), Apex of Posterior Horn, Nucleus Posteromarginalis - LI (A-delta/C, somatic sensory, non-modulatable pain and temperature sensations, joint nociception); sensory, tract of Lissauer/spinomesencephalic tract; modulatory, dorsolateral tract (from RVM); interneurons from SG; interneurons to NPR,IML; A-delta/C sensory data
  * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] (SG), Rolando's Substance - LII (C, somatic sensory, short - pain, temperature, long - mechanoreceptors; long inhibits short); sensory, tract of Lissauer; modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus (from VTA); interneurons to MN, CLN; C sensory data
  * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius] (NPR), Main Sensory Nucleus, Proper Sensory Nucleus - LIII,LIV (A-beta, visceral sensory, crude and pressure, 2-point discrimination, vibration); sensory: lateral spinothalamic tract/spinocervical tract/spinotectal tract/spinoolivary tract; A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta sensory data
  * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus] (CLN), Nucleus Dorsalis, Posterior Thoracic Nucleus, Clarke's Column - LV, LVI (A-alpha/A-delta, visceral sensory, secondary visceral afferents, unconscious proprioception): sensory, tract of Lissauer/anterior spinothalamic tract/spinoreticular tract/dorsal spinocerebellar tract; interneurons from SG, NPR; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib/A-delta sensory data
  * *Central Nucleus* (unconscious proprioception)
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV Central Cervical Nucleus] (CCN) - LVII (spinocerebellar sensory, relays neck proprioception to cerebellum, locomotion); sensory, spinoolivary tract/spinovestibular tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib sensory data
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CBS Centrobasalis Nucleus] (CBN) - LVII (spinocerebellar sensory, relays forelimb proprioception to cerebellum); sensory, rostral spinocerebellar tract; A-alpha-Ia sensory data
  * [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IMM Intermediomedial Nucleus] (IMM) - LVII (visceral sensory); sensory, ventral spinocerebellar tract; A-alpha-Ia sensory data

*motor:*
  * *Medial Motor Nuclei* (axial muscles motor neurons)
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus] (PMN), Dorsomedial Nucleus - LIX (axial trunk flexors, T1-L2); flexor motor, lateral vestibulospinal tract/medullary reticulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM Ventromedial Nucleus] (VMN), Anteromedial Nucleus - LVIII (axial trunk extensors, inhibit flexors, all segments); extensor motor, ventral corticospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
  * *Lateral Motor Nuclei* (distal muscles motor neurons)
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus] (PLN), Dorsolateral Nucleus - LIX (distal flexors, C4-C8/L2-S1, hand/leg, distal muscles of forearm, hand, leg, foot); flexor/extensor motor, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract/lateral vestibulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus] (VLN), Anterolateral Nucleus - LIX (distal extensors, C4-C8/L2-S1, shoulder/hip, distal muscles of shoulder girdle, arm, hip, thigh); extensor motor, pontine reticulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
   * [BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN Spinal Accessory Nucleus] (SAN) - LIX (neck, control neck to rotate head); flexor motor, tectospinal tract/medial vestibulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR Phrenic Nucleus] (PHN) - LIX (diaphragm, conscious and autonomic control of breathing); visceral motor, ventral corticospinal tract; autonomic motor, solitariospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL Retroposterolateral Nucleus] (RPL), Retrodorsolateral Nucleus - LIX (fingers, C8-T1/S1-S3, distal large motor neurons to small arm and leg finger muscles); flexor motor, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
  * [BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus] (ONN), Gert's Nucleus, Lumbosacral Nucleus - LIX (dorsomedial: urination, dorsolateral: defecation, external sphincters; orgasmic muscular contractions); flexor motor, dorsolateral tract; interneurons from Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
  * [BrainRegionAVA_SC_CC_DCN Dorsal Commissural Nucleus] (DCN) - LX (integrate direct/indirect excitatory and inhibitory fast inputs, modulate by slow excitatory responses); interneurons from Intermediolateral Nucleus

*autonomic:*
  * *Intermediolateral Cell Column*, Intermediate Zone:
   * [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus] (IML) - LVII (autonomic, visceral structures); sympathetic, visceral motor; dorsolateral tract; interneurons from Marginal Nucleus; B motor data
   * [BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center] (CSC) - LVII (autonomic, visceral structures); sympathetic motor, tectospinal tract/hypothalamospinal tract; B motor data
   * [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus] (SPS) - LVII (S1-S3, psym. to large intestine; pelvic nerve); sympathetic motor, dorsolateral tract; interneurons to Onuf's Nucleus; B motor data

== SPINAL CORD LAMINAE AND LEVELS ==
(generated)

<img src="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_03/a_03_cl/a_03_cl_dou/a_03_cl_dou_1d.jpg">

|| *Level/Lamina* || *LO* || *LI* || *LII* || *LIII* || *LIV* || *LV* || *LVI* || *LVII* || *LVIII* || *LIX* || *LX* ||
|| C1 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN || ||
|| C2 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN || ||
|| C3 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN,PHN || ||
|| C4 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN,PHN,PLN,VLN || ||
|| C5 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || SAN,PHN,PLN,VLN || ||
|| C6 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || SAN,PLN,VLN || ||
|| C7 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
|| C8 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || CBN,RPL || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
|| T1 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM,RPL,CSC || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T2 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM,CSC || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T3 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T4 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T5 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T6 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T7 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T8 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T9 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T10 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T11 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| T12 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
|| L1 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || DCN ||
|| L2 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN,PLN,VLN || DCN ||
|| L3 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
|| L4 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
|| L5 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
|| S1 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || PLN,VLN,ONN || DCN ||
|| S2 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || ONN || DCN ||
|| S3 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || ONN || DCN ||
|| S4 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || || DCN ||
|| S5 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || || ||
|| CX || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || || ||

== SUBCORTICAL SENSORY SYSTEMS ==

  * subcortical visual system
  * somatosensory system
  * subcortical auditory system
  * gustatory system
  * viscerosensory system
  * humerosensory system

= SPINAL CORD CONNECTIVITY =

== SPINAL CORD TRACTS ==

http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/anatomy/classes_stud/en/med/lik/ptn/1/19%20SPINAL%20CORD.%20BASE%20OF%20THE%20BRAIN.files/image044.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg/800px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png

*ASCENDING*:

  * *dorsal column*, posterior column, medial lemniscus (well-localized discriminative fine touch and proprioception, alpha/beta mechanoreceptors, conscious):
   * *fasciculus gracilis*, tract of Goll (A-beta, tactile and pressure, thoracic-toward-contralateral and cervical slices): receptors of thoracic and lower limbs to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR Gracile Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus] (N3) to [BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex] (BA 3b)
   * *fasciculus cuneatus*, tract of Burdach (A-beta, fine touch, fine pressure, vibration, and proprioception, sacral-toward-contralateral and lumbar slices): receptors of C1-T6 dermatomes to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU Cuneate Nucleus] (N2) to 
    * [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus] (neck, trunk, and extremities) (N3) to [BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex] (BA 3b)
    * [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus] (head) (N3) to [BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex] (BA 3b)
  * *dorsolateral column*, dorsolateral fasciculus, dorsolateral funiculus:
   * *tract of Lissauer*, fasciculus of Lissauer, tract/zone of Lissauer (DLF, intraspinal, discriminative pain and temperature information - location, intensity and quality)
    * A-delta (fast, pain duration equals to stimulus duration) pain fibers to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV Lateral Cervical Nucleus] (N3) (initial sharp localization of pain) to:
     * [BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR Gracile Nucleus] (from medial LSN) (N3) to fasciculus gracilis
     * [BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU Cuneate Nucleus] (from lateral LSN) (N3) to fasciculus cuneatus
    * C (slow, pain duration exceeds simulus duration, substance P) pain fibers to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] (N2) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus] to anterior spinothalamic tract
   * *spinocervical tract*, Morin's tract: A-alpha,A-beta receptors (static position, Ruffini endings) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius] (N2) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV Lateral Cervical Nucleus] (N3) to 
    * [BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter]
    * [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus] (N4) to neocortex
  * *lateral sensory tracts*:
   * *anterolateral system*:
    * *spinothalamic tract* (STT, conscious):
     * *trigeminothalamic tract*, neospinothalamic tract (TTT):
      * head, face and intraoral structures nociceptors to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_TRG Trigeminal Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus] (N3) to [BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex] (BA 1,2)
      * nociceptors of cranial nerves 7,9,10 to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_TRG Trigeminal Ganglion], [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_JUG Jugular Ganglion], [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_NOD Nodose Ganglion] (N1) to spinal trigeminal nucleus (N2) to [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus] (N3) to [BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex] (BA 1,2)
      * C-fibers of face dull, burning pain, deep, aching pain, temperature and crude touch to [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PTP_PTR Principal Trigeminal Nucleus] (N1) to [BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus] and [BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_PF Parafascicular Nucleus of Thalamus] (N3) to [BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex] (BA 3)
     * *paleospinothalamic tract* (cervical-anterior-toward-contralateral, thoracic, lumbar, sacral-lateral slices):
      * *anterior spinothalamic tract*, anterolateral tract (ASTT, both sides, non-discriminative touch & pressure): tract of Lissauer to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus] (N1) to [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex]
      * *lateral spinothalamic tract* (LSTT, pain & thermal sense-temperature): free nerve endings (pain and temperature, A-delta/C fibers) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to 
       * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] (N2) to 
        * [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPI Ventral Posteroinferior Nucleus] (N3) to [BrainRegionPHA_NC_INS_PIC Posterior Insular Cortex]
        * [BrainRegionFCA_FD_TH_MD Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus] (N3) to [BrainRegionCGA_NC_DACG Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area]
        * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius] (N3) to [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]
    * *spinolimbic pathways*
     * *spinohypothalamic tract*: A-delta,C fibers to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN Lateral Spinal Nucleus] (N2) to hypothalamus (endocrine, motivational responses to stimuli):
      * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_LT Lateral Nucleus]
      * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus]
      * anterior nuclei
       * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus]
       * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus]
       * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SO Supraoptic Nucleus]
     * *spinomesencephalic tract*: A-delta/C fibers to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter]
     * *spinoreticular tract*: free nerve endings (crude touch, temperature, pain, afferent for RF, conscious) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus] (N2) to:
      * [BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED Medullary Reticular Formation]
      * Pontine Reticular Formation ([BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus], [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus], [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus]) (N3) to [BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus] (N4)
      * [BrainRegionFBA_MM_CNF Cuneiform Nucleus] (N3) to [BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus] (N4)
     * *spinosolitary tract*: C fibers to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN Lateral Spinal Nucleus] (N3) to [BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL Solitary Nucleus]
     * *spinotectal tract*: free nerve endings (ST, crude touch, temperature, pain, spinovisual reflexes, head/eye movement toward stimulus source) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius] (N2) to [BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP Deep Superior Colliculus] (N3)
    * *spinometencephalic pathways*
     * *spinoolivary tract*, Helweg's tract (SOT, lateral, proprioceptive and cutaneous organs to cerebellum): proprioception information, cutaneous impulses from muscles and tendons to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius], [BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV Central Cervical Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionBMA_HM_IO Inferior Olivary Nucleus] (N3) to [BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum] (automatic movements of head, neck & upper limb)
     * *spinovestibular tract*: C1-C4,neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV Central Cervical Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB Vestibular Nucleus]
   * *spinocerebellar tracts* (proprioceptive sensation, subconscious, very lateral slice):
    * *cuneocerebellar tract*: C1-C7,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_HM_ACU Accessory Cuneate Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum]
    * *dorsal spinocerebellar tract*, posterior spinocerebellar tract (PSCT): neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs (trunk and lower limb) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus] (N2) to (unilaterally) [BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum]
    * *ventral spinocerebellar tract*, anterior spinocerebellar tract, Gower's tract (ASCT): C8-L3,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration (body, legs) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IMM Intermediomedial Nucleus] (N2) to (bilaterally in C8-L3) [BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum] (to cortex and globose, emboliform nuclei)
    * *rostral spinocerebellar tract* (RSCT): C8-L3,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration (body, legs) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CBS Centrobasalis Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum] (bilaterally)

*DESCENDING*:

http://o.quizlet.com/OvyHXzkWIfq4piBE7gtbUw.png

  * *dorsolateral tract*, posterolateral tract
   * [BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter] (N1) to 
    * RVM ([BrainRegionFBA_HM_RP Raphe Nucleus of Medulla], [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]) (N2) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] (N3) (inhibit pain, serotonine)
    * [BrainRegionMBA_HP_BR Barrington's Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus], [BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus] (N3) to colon, rectum, bladder, penis, vagina
   * [BrainRegionFBA_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] (N2) (inhibit pain, dopamine, reward, placebo)
   * [BrainRegionFBA_HP_LC Locus Coeruleus] (N1) to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus] (N2) (inhibit pain, norepinephrine - physiological responses to stress and panic)
  * *lateral motor tracts*:
   * *lateral corticospinal tract* (LCST, flexor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious, cervical-medial, thoracic, lumbar-lateral, distal muscles, decussating to contralateral and ipsilateral): cortex BA 1-4,6 (N1) to
    * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL Retroposterolateral Nucleus] (N2) to distal limb finger muscles
    * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus] interneuron to motoneuron (N2-N3) to distal limb flexors muscles
   * *rubrospinal tract*, tract of Monakow (flexor motor, upper limbs, subconscious): [BrainRegionMBA_MM_RD Red Nucleus] (magnocellular neurons) (N1) to (mediation of voluntary movement by cerebelum):
    * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL Retroposterolateral Nucleus] (N2) to distal limb finger muscles
    * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus] (N2) to distal limb flexors muscles
   * *solitariospinal tract*: (subconscious motor tract, see http://www.slideshare.net/LawrenceJames/regulation-of-respiration, from corticobulbar, corticonuclear tract)
    * [BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL Solitary Nucleus] (autonomic respiration, start) (N1) to [BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus], [BrainRegionHMA_HM_RA Retroambiguus Nucleus] (expiratory cencer, active when forced breathing) (N2) to nucleus ambiguus (inspiratory center) (N3) to
     * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR Phrenic Nucleus] (N4) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
    * [BrainRegionBMA_HP_PB Parabrachial Nucleus] (pacemaker, controls rate and pattern of breathing) (N1) to [BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus] (N2) to 
     * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR Phrenic Nucleus] (N3) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
  * *ventral motor tracts*:
   * *ventral corticospinal tract*, anterior/medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus (VCST, extensor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious, axial, proximal muscles, ipsilateral): cortex BA 1-4,6 (N1) to:
    * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus] (N2) to axial muscles
    * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR Phrenic Nucleus] (N2) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
   * *lateral vestibulospinal tract* (LVST, flexor motor, anti-gravity muscles, lateral, inferior, trunk/legs extensors, arm flexors, subconscious): [BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB Vestibular Nucleus] (giant cells of Deiters) (N1) to 
    * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM Ventromedial Nucleus] (N2) to trunk and ipsilateral limbs
    * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus] (N2) to arms, legs (modulates muscle tone to maintain equilibrium)
   * *tectospinal tract*, colliculospinal tract (TST, flexor motor, reflex postural movementa - coordinate head, neck, and eye movements by visual and auditory stimuli): [BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP Deep Superior Colliculus] (N1) to 
    * [BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN Spinal Accessory Nucleus] (C1-C4) (N2) to axial muscles of neck
    * [BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center] (N2) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion] (N3) to muscles of iris
   * *reticulospinal tract* (RST, extensor motor, control by hypothalamus of sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic outflow, subconscious):
    * *medullary reticulospinal tract*, lateral reticulospinal tract (LRST, flexor motor, inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement, excite flexors): 
     * [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus] (N2) to distal muscles (exciting anti-gravity, inhibit stretch reflexes)
     * [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus] (N2) to axial muscles
     * [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus] (N2) to axial muscles
    * *pontine reticulospinal tract*, medial reticulospinal tract (MRST, extensor motor, facilitates flexor spinal reflexes): 
     * [BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED Medullary Reticular Formation] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus] (N2) to distal muscles (extensor muscles)
    * *hypothalamospinal tract*, oculosympathetic pathway (HTST, sympathetic motor): [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (N1) to [BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center] (N2) to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion] (N3) to dilator muscle of iris
   * *medial longitudinal fasciculus* (MLF): 
    * *medial vestibulospinal tract* (MVST, extensor motor, subconscious): 
     * [BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB Vestibular Nucleus] (medial) (N1) to 
      * [BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN Spinal Accessory Nucleus] (N2) to neck muscles (ensures neck and trunk movements coordinated with eye movements)
      * [BrainRegionVBA_HP_ABD Abducens Nucleus] to [BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus] to muscles of eye
      * [BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus] to muscles of eye
      * [BrainRegionVBA_MM_TRH Trochlear Nucleus] to muscles of eye
     * [BrainRegionHMA_MM_CJ Cajal Nucleus] to [BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus] to muscles of eye

*INTRASPINAL*:

  * A-alpha receptors to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to 
   * alpha motor neurons (N2) to the same agonist muscles (myotatic/stretch reflex to support increased load)
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] GABA interneurons (N2) to alpha motor neurons (N3) to antagonist muscles (reciprocal inhibition in stretch reflex)
  * A-delta receptors to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to 
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius]
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius]
  * C receptors to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] (interneurons) (N2) to 
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] 
   * [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus]
  * viscerosensory information to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus] (IML) to white rami (sympathetic tract, preganglionic fibers)
  * [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus] to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus]
  * C fibers of intestine and bladder to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus] (N3) to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus] (N4) to
   * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_PSYM_PPG Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion] (bladder ganglion) (N5) to detrusor muscle of bladder (via pelvic nerve, excite bladder, relax uretra)
   * colon, rectum
  * A-delta/C sacral fibers to [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (N1) to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus] (N2) to [BrainRegionAVA_SC_CC_DCN Dorsal Commissural Nucleus] (N3) to
   * hypogastric nerve
   * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_PSYM_PPG Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion]

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/neurLab2/images/Small/SpCdFibersNeuronsSmll.gif

== SENSORY NUCLEI CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==

  * *Forebrain Telencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/fasciculus gracilis/trigeminothalamic tract/anterior spinothalamic tract
   * [BrainRegionPHA_NC_INS_PIC Posterior Insular Cortex] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
   * [BrainRegionCGA_NC_DACG Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
  * *Forebrain Diencephalon*
   * *Hypothalamus*
    * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
    * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_LT Lateral Nucleus] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
    * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PO Preoptic Area] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
    * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
    * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SO Supraoptic Nucleus] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
   * *Thalamus*
    * [BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract/spinoreticular tract
    * [BrainRegionFCA_FD_TH_MD Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
    * [BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_PF Parafascicular Nucleus of Thalamus] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract
    * [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPI Ventral Posteroinferior Nucleus] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
    * [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/fasciculus gracilis/spinocervical tract/anterior spinothalamic tract
    * [BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/trigeminothalamic tract
  * *Midbrain Mesencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionFBA_MM_CNF Cuneiform Nucleus] - sensory, spinoreticular tract
   * [BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter] - sensory, spinocervical tract/spinomesencephalic tract
  * *Hindbrain Metencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum] - sensory, cuneocerebellar tract/dorsal spinocerebellar tract/ventral spinocerebellar tract/rostral spinocerebellar tract/spinoolivary tract
   * [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PTP_PTR Principal Trigeminal Nucleus] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract
  * *Hindbrain Myelencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionBMA_HM_ACU Accessory Cuneate Nucleus] - sensory, cuneocerebellar tract
   * [BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU Cuneate Nucleus] - sensory, tract of Lissauer/fasciculus cuneatus
   * [BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR Gracile Nucleus] - sensory, tract of Lissauer/fasciculus gracilis
   * [BrainRegionBMA_HM_IO Inferior Olivary Nucleus] - sensory, spinoolivary tract
   * [BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract/trigeminothalamic tract

== MOTOR NUCLEI CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==

  * *Forebrain Telencephalon*
   * *neocortex, BA 1-4,6* - motor, lateral corticospinal tract/ventral corticospinal tract
  * *Midbrain Mesencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionHMA_MM_CJ Cajal Nucleus] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
   * [BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
   * [BrainRegionMBA_MM_RD Red Nucleus] - motor, rubrospinal tract
   * [BrainRegionVBA_MM_TRH Trochlear Nucleus] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
   * [BrainRegionFBA_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus
  * *Hindbrain Metencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionVBA_HP_ABD Abducens Nucleus] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
   * [BrainRegionFBA_HP_LC Locus Coeruleus] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus
   * [BrainRegionBMA_HP_PB Parabrachial Nucleus] - motor, solitariospinal tract
  * *Hindbrain Myelencephalon*
   * *Expiratory Center*
    * [BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus] - motor, solitariospinal tract
    * [BrainRegionHMA_HM_RA Retroambiguus Nucleus] - motor, solitariospinal tract
   * [BrainRegionFBA_HM_RP Raphe Nucleus of Medulla] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus

== NUCLEI RECIPROCALLY CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==

  * *Forebrain Diencephalon*
   * *Hypothalamus*
    * [BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract; modulatory, hypothalamospinal tract
  * *Midbrain Mesencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP Deep Superior Colliculus] - sensory, spinotectal tract; motor, tectospinal tract
  * *Hindbrain Metencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionMBA_HP_BR Barrington's Nucleus] - sensory, dorsolateral fasciculus; motor, dorsolateral fasciculus
   * *Pontine Reticular Formation*
    * [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
    * [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
    * [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
   * [BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB Vestibular Nucleus] - sensory, spinovestibular tract; motor/modulatory, medial longitudinal fasciculus/lateral vestibulospinal tract/medial vestibulospinal tract
  * *Hindbrain Myelencephalon*
   * [BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED Medullary Reticular Formation] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, medullary reticulospinal tract
   * [BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL Solitary Nucleus] - sensory, spinosolitary tract; motor, solitariospinal tract

== GANGLIA CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==

  * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG Dorsal Root Ganglion] (DRG): sensory, all tracts except medial longitudinal fasciculus/trigeminothalamic tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta/C sensory data
  * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SYM_IMG Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion] (IMG): motor, sympathetic
  * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_JUG Jugular Ganglion] (JUG): sensory, trigeminothalamic tract; A-beta/A-delta/C sensory data
  * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_NOD Nodose Ganglion] (NDG): sensory, trigeminothalamic tract; A-beta/A-delta/C sensory data
  * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_PSYM_PPG Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion]: intraspinal; B/C motor data
  * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion] (SCG): motor, tectospinal tract; modulatory, hypothalamospinal tract; B/C motor data
  * [BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_TRG Trigeminal Ganglion] (TRG): sensory, trigeminothalamic tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta/C sensory data

= FUNCTIONAL GROUPS =

== SENSORY NUCLEI FROM DRG TO VPL/VPM ==

http://dualibra.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/037800~1/Part%202.%20Cardinal%20Manifestations%20and%20Presentation%20of%20Diseases/Section%203.%20Nervous%20System%20Dysfunction/025_files/loadBinary_003.gif

  * DRG -> [BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU Cuneate Nucleus] -> VPL - upper body
  * DRG -> [BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR Gracile Nucleus] -> VPL - lower body
  * DRG -> [BrainRegionHMA_HP_PTP_PTR Principal Trigeminal Nucleus] -> VPM - head and face

== SENSORY NUCLEI FROM SPINAL CORD TO VPL/VPM ==

  * DRG -> [BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus] -> VPM - head and face deep pain/temperature
  * DRG -> [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus] -> VPL - fast pain/temperature
  * DRG -> [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] -> VPL - slow pain/temperature

== SENSORY NUCLEI FROM SPINAL CORD TO CR ==

  * DRG.CX -> [BrainRegionBMA_HM_ACU Accessory Cuneate Nucleus] -> CR - upper extremity (to C7)
  * DRG.TX,LX -> [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus] -> CR - from C8

== INTERSPINAL SENSORY TO MOTOR ==

  * vessel/gland (GVA) -> DRG -> [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] -> [BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus] -> (GVE) vessel/gland
  * muscle (GSA) -> DRG -> [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus]/[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM Ventromedial Nucleus]/[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus]/[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus] -> (GSE) muscle
  * muscle (GSA) -> DRG -> [BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa] -> [BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus]/[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM Ventromedial Nucleus]/[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus]/[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus] -> (GSE) muscle