#summary Peripheral Brain Research [Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [PeripheralBrain] ---- This page is intended to create model of peripheral part of biological human brain. It contain muscles, nerves, spinal cord nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei and linked upper brain regions. = Peripheral Brain Details = See also: * [HumanNerves Human Nerves] * [HumanMuscles Human Muscles] * [SpinalCord Spinal Cord] == INNER REGIONS == (generated) *nucleus*: * Autonomic Nuclei * *ISL*: [BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL] - facilitate digestion - produce watery saliva; TRACTS={} * *SSL*: [BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL] - facilitate respiration - produce thiker saliva; TRACTS={} * *VGN*: [BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN] - Parasympathetic vagal functions in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs; TRACTS={} * *EWN*: [BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN] - Change Eye Pupil; TRACTS={} * *CSC*: [BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center,LAC.SC.IZ.CSC] - Control of iris dilator muscle; TRACTS={hypothalamospinal tract} * *IML*: [BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML] - Mediate entire sympathetic innervation of body; TRACTS={hypothalamospinal tract; medullary reticulospinal tract} * *SPS*: [BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS] - parasympathetic impulses pass via postganglionic fibers to the urinary bladder, erectile tissues, and the smooth muscles and glands in the colon and rectum; TRACTS={} * Cranial Mechanoreception and Proprioception * *COND*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_DCOCH Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.DCOCH] - Analyzes quality of sound, picks apart tiny frequency differences between close sounds; TRACTS={} * *SOL*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL] - Carry taste buds, thoracic and abdominal viscera; TRACTS={spinosolitary tract} * *CONV*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_VCOCH Ventral Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.VCOCH] - determine direction sound came from, time-sensitive localization; TRACTS={} * Cranial Motor * *AMB*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB] - Control muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larnyx; TRACTS={corticobulbar tract; solitariospinal expiratory tract} * *HYG*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_HYG Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG] - Control of tongue; TRACTS={corticobulbar tract} * *ABD*: [BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD] - Conjugated movements of both eyes; TRACTS={} * *FCM*: [BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM] - Control of face; TRACTS={corticobulbar tract} * *OCM*: [BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN] - Change Eye Direction; TRACTS={} * *TRH*: [BrainRegionLPC_MM_TRH Trochlear Nucleus,LPC.MM.TRH] - Control superior oblique muscles of eyes; TRACTS={} * *RAM*: [BrainRegionLRC_HL_RA Retroambigualis Nucleus,LRC.HL.RA] - Groups of premotor interneurons producing detailed motor actions; TRACTS={} * Cranial Pain and Temperature * *PE5*: [BrainRegionLAC_HL_TGS_PE5 Peritrigeminal Nucleus,LAC.HL.TGS.PE5] - Thermoregulation; TRACTS={} * *STR*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR] - Discriminative sensation and light touch of face, conscious proprioception; TRACTS={anterior trigeminothalamic tract} * *PA5*: [BrainRegionLRC_HL_TGS_PA5 Paratrigeminal Nucleus,LRC.HL.TGS.PA5] - Orofacial nociceptive sensory processing; TRACTS={} * Spinal Lateral Motor Nuclei (distal muscles motor neurons) * *PLN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PL] - Innervation of limb muscles; TRACTS={lateral corticospinal tract; rubrospinal tract} * *RPL*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_RPL Retroposterolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.RPL] - Innervation of limbs muscles; TRACTS={lateral corticospinal tract; rubrospinal tract} * *SAN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN] - Control of neck; TRACTS={corticobulbar tract; medial vestibulospinal tract; tectospinal tract} * *VLN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VL] - Innervation of limb muscles; TRACTS={anterior corticospinal tract; lateral vestibulospinal tract} * Spinal Mechanoreception and Proprioception * *ACN*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_ACU Accessory Cuneate Nucleus,LPC.HL.ACU] - receives input from cervical spinal nerves and transmits that information to cerebellum; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract} * *CUN*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_CU Cuneate Nucleus,LPC.HL.CU] - Carry fine touch and proprioceptive information from upper body; TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract} * *GRN*: [BrainRegionLPC_HL_GR Gracile Nucleus,LPC.HL.GR] - Carry epicritic, kinesthetic, and conscious proprioceptive information from lower body; TRACTS={fasciculus gracilis tract} * *CBN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_IZ_CBS Centrobasalis Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.CBS] - Unconscious proprioception to CR; TRACTS={} * *CCN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_IZ_CCV Central Cervical Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.CCV] - Coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills; TRACTS={rostral spinocerebellar tract; spinoolivary tract; spinovestibular tract} * *IMM*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_IZ_IMM Intermediomedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.IMM] - Visceral sensory; TRACTS={spinomedulloreticular tract; spinopontoreticular tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract} * *LCN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_LH_LCV Lateral Cervical Nucleus,LPC.SC.LH.LCV] - Relay Low-threshold Mechanoreceptors to CR; TRACTS={spinocervical tract} * *CLN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_CL Clarke Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.CL] - Unconscious Proprioception; TRACTS={dorsal spinocerebellar tract} * Spinal Medial Motor Nuclei (axial muscles motor neurons) * *ONN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF] - Maintenance of urination and defecation, muscular contraction during orgasm; TRACTS={} * *PHN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PHR Phrenic Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PHR] - Innervation of diaphragm; TRACTS={solitariospinal inpiratory tract} * *PMN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.PM] - Innervation of trunk muscles; TRACTS={lateral corticospinal tract; rubrospinal tract} * *VMN*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_VM Ventromedial Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.VM] - Innervation of trunk muscles; TRACTS={anterior corticospinal tract; pontine reticulospinal tract; solitariospinal expiratory tract} * Spinal Pain and Temperature * *DCN*: [BrainRegionLAC_SC_CC_DCN Dorsal Commissural Nucleus,LAC.SC.CC.DCN] - Relay of sensory information from pelvic viscera; TRACTS={} * *LSN*: [BrainRegionLAC_SC_LH_LSN Lateral Spinal Nucleus,LAC.SC.LH.LSN] - Integrate autonomic and homeostatic functions; TRACTS={spinohypothalamic tract; spinosolitary tract} * *LMG*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_LMG Lower Marginal Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.LMG] - Relay information related to pain and temperature sensation - T7-T12,L1-L5,S1-S5,CX; TRACTS={lateral spinothalamic tract; spinomesencephalic tract} * *LSG*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_LSG Lower Substantia Gelatinosa,LPC.SC.PH.LSG] - Relay for C-fibers of slowly conducting, poorly localized pain sensation - T7-T12,L1-L5,S1-S5,CX; TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; lateral spinothalamic tract} * *NPR*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_NP Proprius Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.NP] - Relay light touch, pain and temperature information; TRACTS={spinocervical tract; spinoolivary tract; spinotectal tract} * *UMG*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_UMG Upper Marginal Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.UMG] - Relay information related to pain and temperature sensation - C1-C8,T1-T6; TRACTS={lateral spinothalamic tract; spinomesencephalic tract} * *USG*: [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_USG Upper Substantia Gelatinosa,LPC.SC.PH.USG] - Relay for C-fibers of slowly conducting, poorly localized pain sensation - C1-C8,T1-T6; TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; lateral spinothalamic tract} = Peripheral Brain Connectivity = == LINKED SENSORY REGIONS == (generated) * *Forebrain Diencephalon* * Hypothalamus,FD.HT * Anterior Hypothalamus Area,LAC.FD.HT.AHT * Chiasmatic Area,LAC.FD.HT.CHS * [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO Supraoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SO]: Blood volume or blood pressure, vasopressin release; TRACTS={spinohypothalamic tract} * [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]: Regulate the circadian cycle, 24-hour rhythms; TRACTS={spinohypothalamic tract} * Tuberal Area,LAC.FD.HT.TUB * [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.AH]: Thermoregulation, panting, sweating; TRACTS={spinohypothalamic tract} * Posterior Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.POS: Blood pressure, pupillary dilation * [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]: Blood pressure, heart rate; TRACTS={spinohypothalamic tract} * Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT: Thirst and hunger; TRACTS={spinohypothalamic tract} * Thalamus,FD.TH * Sensory Thalamus,FD.TH.SR: Relay primary or secondary assending sensory streams * Ventral Posterior Nuclei,NSA.FD.TH.VP * [BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_VPI Ventral Posteroinferior Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPI]: Relays pain and temperature from body to insula; TRACTS={lateral spinothalamic tract} * [BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPL]: Relays somatic information from body to S1; TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; fasciculus cuneatus tract; fasciculus gracilis tract; spinocervical tract} * [BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPM]: Relays somatic information from face to S1; TRACTS={anterior trigeminothalamic tract; fasciculus cuneatus tract} * Cognitive Thalamus,FD.TH.CR: Relay cognitive activity * Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD: Attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking, and active memory; TRACTS={lateral spinothalamic tract} * *Hindbrain Myelencephalon* * Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei,HL.SN * Spinal Sensory Nuclei,HL.SS * [BrainRegionLLC_HL_IO Inferior Olivary Nucleus,LLC.HL.IO]: Proprioception Relay from Spinal Cord to Cerebellum; TRACTS={spinoolivary tract} * Medullary Reticular Formation,HL.RF * Medullary Reticular Formation, Medial Column,HL.RF.MED * [BrainRegionLRC_HL_RF_MED Central Medullary Reticular Nucleus,LRC.HL.RF.MED]: Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, habituation; TRACTS={spinomedulloreticular tract} * *Hindbrain Metencephalon* * Metencephalic Sensory Nuclei,HT.SN * Pontine Nuclear Complex,HT.PN * [BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_PTR Principal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HT.PN.PTR]: Facial Somatic Sensations; TRACTS={dorsal trigeminal tract} * Cerebellar Complex,LLC.HT.CRC * Cerebellum,LLC.HT.CR: Motor coordination; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; rostral spinocerebellar tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract} * Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF * Pontine Reticular Formation, Medial Column,HT.RF.MED; TRACTS={spinopontoreticular tract} * Pontine Reticular Formation, Lateral Column,HT.RF.LAT * [BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]: Source of short-latency nociceptive input; sense of physiological condition of body well-being or interoception; TRACTS={spinosolitary tract} * Vestibular Nuclei,LPC.HT.VBN: Equilibrium, Postural Reflexes * [BrainRegionLPC_HT_IVBN Inferior Vestibular Nuclei,LPC.HT.IVBN]: maintain balance, coordinating postural adjustments; TRACTS={spinovestibular tract} * *Midbrain Mesencephalon* * Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon,MM.REF * Visual Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon,MM.REF.VIS * Superior Colliculus,MM.SC: Direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric space, induce saccadic eye movement * [BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_DEEP Deep Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.DEEP]: Head and eye attention to non-visual stimuli; TRACTS={spinotectal tract} * [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]: Descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour; TRACTS={spinocervical tract; spinomesencephalic tract} == LINKED MOTOR REGIONS == (generated) * *Forebrain Diencephalon* * Hypothalamus,FD.HT * Anterior Hypothalamus Area,LAC.FD.HT.AHT * Tuberal Area,LAC.FD.HT.TUB * [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]: Regulate appetite and autonomic functions; TRACTS={hypothalamospinal tract} * *Hindbrain Myelencephalon* * Medullary Reticular Formation,HL.RF * Medullary Reticular Formation, Medial Column,HL.RF.MED * [BrainRegionLRC_HL_PRF_GCR Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus,LRC.HL.PRF.GCR]: Vasodepressor center; TRACTS={medullary reticulospinal tract} * *Hindbrain Metencephalon* * Metencephalic Motor Nuclei,HT.MN * [BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM]: Muscles of first branchial arch; TRACTS={corticobulbar tract} * [BrainRegionLRC_HT_KFN Kolliker-Fuse Nucleus,LRC.HT.KFN]: Control of protruder tongue muscles contraction to maintain respiration; TRACTS={solitariospinal inpiratory tract} * Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF * Pontine Reticular Formation, Medial Column,HT.RF.MED * Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.PRF.PPRF * [BrainRegionLRC_HT_PRF_RPO Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus,LRC.HT.PRF.RPO]: Mediation of changing to and from REM sleep; TRACTS={pontine reticulospinal tract} * [BrainRegionLRC_HT_PRF_CRF Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus,LRC.HT.PRF.CRF]: Mediate head movements; TRACTS={pontine reticulospinal tract} * Vestibular Nuclei,LPC.HT.VBN: Equilibrium, Postural Reflexes * [BrainRegionLPC_HT_LVBN Lateral Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.LVBN]: controlling body position; TRACTS={lateral vestibulospinal tract} * [BrainRegionLPC_HT_MVBN Medial Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.MVBN]: controlling head position, integrate head and eye movements; maintain balance, coordinating postural adjustments; coordination for horizontal eye movements; TRACTS={medial vestibulospinal tract} * *Midbrain Mesencephalon* * Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon,MM.REF * Visual Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon,MM.REF.VIS * Superior Colliculus,MM.SC: Direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric space, induce saccadic eye movement * [BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_DEEP Deep Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.DEEP]: Head and eye attention to non-visual stimuli; TRACTS={tectospinal tract} * Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD: Motor coordination; TRACTS={rubrospinal tract} * *Cerebral Cortex* * Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT * [BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]: Execution of required voluntary movements; TRACTS={corticobulbar tract; lateral corticospinal tract} * Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC: Selection of appropriate motor plans for voluntary movements * Dorsal Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.DPMC * [BrainRegionNMA_NC_PMC_F2 Dorsal Caudal Premotor Cortex,NMA.NC.PMC.F2]: Guiding reaching; TRACTS={anterior corticospinal tract} * Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC: Process sequences of movements and coordinate bilateral movements * [BrainRegionNMA_NC_SMC_F3 Supplementary Motor Area,NMA.NC.SMC.F3]: Movement execution; Numerical and verbal mental-operation tasks; TRACTS={anterior corticospinal tract} == LINKED RECIPROCAL REGIONS == (generated) * *Midbrain Mesencephalon* * Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon,MM.REF * Visual Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon,MM.REF.VIS * Superior Colliculus,MM.SC: Direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric space, induce saccadic eye movement * [BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_DEEP Deep Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.DEEP]: Head and eye attention to non-visual stimuli; TRACTS={spinotectal tract; tectospinal tract} == LINKED GANGLIA == (generated) * *Peripheral Nervous System* * Sensory Ganglia,PNS.SG * Sensory Exteroception Ganglia,PN.SG.SE * [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG]: Trophic support for survival; TRACTS={anterior trigeminothalamic tract} * [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]: Integration of external auditory meatus (auricular branch), cranial meninges (meningeal branch), and external surface of tympanic membrane; TRACTS={anterior trigeminothalamic tract; dorsal trigeminal tract} * [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_JUG Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG]: Integration of external auditory meatus (auricular branch), cranial meninges (meningeal branch), and external surface of tympanic membrane; TRACTS={anterior trigeminothalamic tract} * Sensory Interoception Ganglia,PN.SG.SI * [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]: Integration of afferent signaling from viscera; TRACTS={anterior trigeminothalamic tract} * Dorsal Root Ganglia,LPC.PN.SG.DRG: Integration of afferent signaling from somatic viscera * [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_UDRG Upper Dorsal Root Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.UDRG]: Integration of afferent signaling from cervical and upper thoracic somatic and viscera; TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; fasciculus cuneatus tract; lateral spinothalamic tract; rostral spinocerebellar tract; spinohypothalamic tract; spinomedulloreticular tract; spinomesencephalic tract; spinoolivary tract; spinopontoreticular tract; spinosolitary tract; spinotectal tract; spinovestibular tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract} * [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_LDRG Lower Dorsal Root Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.LDRG]: Integration of afferent signaling from lower thoracic and lumbosacral somatic and viscera; TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; fasciculus gracilis tract; spinocervical tract; spinohypothalamic tract; spinomedulloreticular tract; spinomesencephalic tract; spinopontoreticular tract; spinosolitary tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract}