#summary Muscles of Human Torso
[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [HumanMuscles] -> [HumanMusclesTorso]
----

This page is intended to list all muscles of biological human in the torso area.
Related findings are structured by other research themes.

<wiki:toc max_depth="3" />

Coverage verified by:
  * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Muscular_system
  * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_muscles_of_the_human_body
  * https://www.msu.edu/user/vosskurt/Miscellaneous%20pages/musnvrt.htm

= Trunk =

== Heart ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart Heart - ACh receptors of atrium muscles]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, cardiac branch]}; ACTION={decrease contractility}
  * *[http://www.cram.com/flashcards/summary-of-ach-and-ne-influence-in-ans-682571 Heart - NE receptors of atrium muscles]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic lesser splanchnic nerve]}; ACTION={increase contractility in the atria of the heart}
  * *Heart - lower cardiac muscle*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart Heart - lower cardiac muscle, middle]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical cervical cardiac nerve, middle, sympathetic]}; ACTION={increase contractility}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart Heart - lower cardiac muscle, stellar]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical cervical cardiac nerve, inferior, sympathetic]}; ACTION={increase contractility}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart Heart - upper cardiac muscle]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical superior cervical cardiac nerve]; [HumanNervesSpinalCervical superior cervical ganglion, laryngopharyngeal branches]}; ACTION={increase contractility}

== Visceral ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland Endocrine - adrenal gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic lesser splanchnic nerve]}; ACTION={releasing hormones in response to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamines such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstriction Vessels - heart blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical jugular nerve, sympathetic]}; ACTION={narrowing of the blood vessels}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstriction Vessels - thorathic arterial vasoconstrictors]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic greater thoracic splanchnic nerve]; [HumanNervesSpinalThoracic intercostal nerves, sympathetic fibers]; [HumanNervesSpinalThoracic thoracic sympatetic fibers, meningeal branches]}; ACTION={narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles}

== Back ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erector_spinae Erector spinae muscles]*; ACTION={extends the vertebral column; unilaterally: flex the head and neck to the same side; bilaterally: extend the vertebral column}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliocostalis Trunk - iliocostalis muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, flexors]}; ACTION={extends and lateral flexes spine}
    * *Iliocostalis cervicis*
    * *Iliocostalis dorsi*
    * *Iliocostalis lumborum*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longissimus Trunk - longissimus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors]}; ACTION={extends spine}
    * *Longissimus capitis*
    * *Longissimus cervicis*
    * *Longissimus thoracis*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinalis Trunk - spinalis muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, flexors]}; ACTION={lateral flexion of spine}
    * *Spinalis capitis*
    * *Spinalis cervicis*
    * *Spinalis dorsi*
  * *Minor deep layer of intrinsic back muscles*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspinales_muscle Trunk - interspinales muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors]}; ACTION={aid in extension and rotation of vertebral column}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertransversarii_muscle Trunk - intertransversarii muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors]}; ACTION={aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column; acting bilaterally, stabilize vertebral column}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levatores_costarum_muscles Trunk - levatores costarum muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors]}; ACTION={elevate ribs, assisting respiration; assist with lateral flexion of vertebral column}
  * *Transversospinales muscles*
   * *Semispinalis*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semispinalis_capitis Neck - semispinalis capitis]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical occipital nerve, greater]}; ACTION={extend the head}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semispinalis_cervicis Trunk - semispinalis cervicis]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors]}; ACTION={extends and rotates the head to the contralateral side and also extends the ribs}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semispinalis_dorsi Trunk - semispinalis dorsi (thoracis)]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors]}; ACTION={extends vertebral column}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifidus_muscle Trunk - multifidus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors]}; ACTION={stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotatores_muscle Trunk - rotatores muscles]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, flexors]}; ACTION={facilitates the unilateral rotation and bilateral extension of the spine}

== Abdomen ==
(generated)

  * *Reproductive organs*
   * *Female*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipple Breast - nipple smooth muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, nipple]}; ACTION={female - erection of nipples due to contraction of smooth muscle}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary Endocrine - ovary gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic superior ovarian nerve]}; ACTION={secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium)}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin%27s_gland Genitalia - bartholin gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, lubricate]}; ACTION={secretes mucus to lubricate the vagina}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervix Genitalia - cervix]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, cervical]}; ACTION={female - produces cervical mucus that changes in consistency during the menstrual cycle to prevent or promote pregnancy}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus Genitalia - parasympathetic uterus vasodilators]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, uterovaginal]}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, increased blood flow}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina Genitalia - parasympathetic vaginal vasodilators]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, uterovaginal]}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, increased blood flow}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skene%27s_gland Genitalia - skenes gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, lubricate]}; ACTION={cause female ejaculation and G-Spot orgasms}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus Genitalia - uterus, sympathetic contractors]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, uterovaginal]}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, decreased blood flow, loss of erection}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina Genitalia - vagina, sympathetic vasoconstrictors]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, uterovaginal]}; ACTION={female - vasoconstriction of fibromuscular tube, loss of erection}
   * *Male*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle Endocrine - testicle gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic inferior spermatic nerve]}; ACTION={produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbourethral_gland Genitalia - cowper gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, lubricate]}; ACTION={produces a clear, salty, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate, homologous to Bartholin glands in females}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremaster_muscle Genitalia - cremaster muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital genitofemoral nerve, genital branch]}; ACTION={raise and lower the scrotum, acts quickly, it is a reflex}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartos Genitalia - dartos muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital scrotal nerve, posterior]}; ACTION={corrugates the scrotum; contraction reduces the surface area available for heat loss, thus reducing heat loss and warming the testicles; expansion increases the surface area, promoting heat loss and thus cooling the testicles.}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate Genitalia - prostate gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, lubricate]}; ACTION={secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, constitutes 50-75 percents of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate Genitalia - vas deferens]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, prostatic]}; ACTION={male - emission (prior to ejaculation), contracts, propelling sperm forward}
  * *Trunk muscles*
   * *Abdominal oblique muscle*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle Trunk - abdominal external oblique muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors]}; ACTION={rotates torso}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle Trunk - abdominal internal oblique muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk subcostal nerve, motor]}; ACTION={compresses abdomen and rotates vertebral column}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidalis_muscle Trunk - pyramidalis muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk subcostal nerve, motor]}; ACTION={tensing the linea alba}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratus_lumborum_muscle Trunk - quadratus lumborum muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThigh nerve to quadratus lumborum]}; ACTION={extension of lumbar vertebral column, with bilateral contraction; alone, lateral flexion of vertebral column; together, depression of thoracic rib cage}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_muscle Trunk - rectus abdominis muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors]}; ACTION={flexion of trunk/lumbar vertebrae}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_abdominis_muscle Trunk - transversus abdominis muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors]}; ACTION={compress the ribs and viscera, providing thoracic and pelvic stability}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorticorenal_ganglion Vessels - renal blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic lowest splanchnic nerve]}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}

== Chest ==
(generated)

  * *Intercostales*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innermost_intercostal_muscle Innermost intercostal muscles]*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semispinalis_dorsi Trunk - subcostalis muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors]}; ACTION={synergist in aiding the internal intercostal muscles with forced exhalation}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semispinalis_dorsi Trunk - transversus thoracis muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors]}; ACTION={depresses the ribs; aids in exertional expiration by decreasing the transverse diameter of the thoracic cage}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_intercostal_muscles Trunk - external intercostal muscles]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors]}; ACTION={aid in quiet and forced inhalation}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_intercostal_muscles Trunk - internal intercostal muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors]}; ACTION={aid in forced expiration}
  * *[http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/237 Lung - glands of trachea, lungs, and bronchi]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, bronchial branch]}; ACTION={increase in airway secretions}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchus Lung - smooth muscles of trachea and bronchial tree]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, bronchial branch]}; ACTION={constriction of trachea and bronchioles}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semispinalis_dorsi Lung - thoracic diaphragm]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical phrenic nerve]}; ACTION={increases thoracic cavity volume; inhalation}
  * *Serratus muscle*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratus_posterior_inferior_muscle Trunk - serratus posterior inferior muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors]}; ACTION={depress the lower ribs, aiding in expiration}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratus_posterior_superior_muscle Trunk - serratus posterior superior muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors]}; ACTION={elevate the ribs which aids in inspiration}

= Genitalia =

== Pelvis ==
(generated)

  * *Levator ani*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubococcygeus_muscle Genitalia - pubococcygeus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles]}; ACTION={controls urine flow and contracts during orgasm}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliococcygeus_muscle Rectum - iliococcygeus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles]}; ACTION={supports the viscera in pelvic cavity}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puborectalis_muscle Rectum - puborectalis muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles]}; ACTION={inhibit defecation}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland Liver - abdominal alimentary tract glands]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, hepatic branch]}; ACTION={secretes bile into the small intestine via the bile duct employing the gallbladder as a reservoi}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccygeus_muscle Rectum - coccygeus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles]}; ACTION={pulls coccyx forward after defecation, closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_gland Stomach - mucosal gastric glands]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to stomach]}; ACTION={acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors cause an increase in gastric juice secretion}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae Stomach - outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to stomach]}; ACTION={keep the mucosal surface and underlying glands in a constant state of gentle agitation to expel contents of glandular crypts and enhance contact between epithelium and the contents of the lumen}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast Vessels - breast blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic intercostal nerves, sympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver Vessels - liver blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic greater thoracic splanchnic nerve]}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach Vessels - stomach blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic greater thoracic splanchnic nerve]}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}

== Perineum ==
(generated)

  * *Corpus cavernosum*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_clitoridis Genitalia - corpus cavernosum clitoridis]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital cavernous nerves of clitoris]}; ACTION={clitoral erection; simultaneously the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress and circulation of this blood}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis Genitalia - corpus cavernosum penis]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital cavernous nerves of penis]}; ACTION={penile erection; simultaneously the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress and circulation of this blood}
  * *Deep transverse perineal muscle*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_perinei_profundus_muscle Genitalia - deep transverse perineal muscle, clitoris]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital dorsal nerve of clitoris]}; ACTION={fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor, expulsion of semen in males and last drops of urine in both sexes}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_perinei_profundus_muscle Genitalia - deep transverse perineal muscle, penis]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital dorsal nerve of penis]}; ACTION={fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor, expulsion of semen in males and last drops of urine in both sexes}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbospongiosus_muscle Genitalia - bulbospongiosus muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital perineal nerve, deep branch]}; ACTION={in males, empties the urethra; in females, clenches the vagina}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischiocavernosus_muscle Genitalia - ischiocavernosus muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital perineal nerve, deep branch]}; ACTION={stabilize the erect penis or (in females) tense the vagina during orgasm}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_perinei_superficialis_muscle Rectum - superficial transverse perineal muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerve to superficial transverse perineal]}; ACTION={Fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor}
  * *Sphincter ani*
   * *Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_ani_internus_muscle Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle, parasympathetic]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to rectum]}; ACTION={keep the anal canal and anus closed, aids in the expulsion of the feces, inhibit contraction}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_ani_internus_muscle Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle, sympathetic]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital right hypogastric nerve]}; ACTION={stimulate and maintain internal anal sphincter contraction}
   * *Sphincter ani externus muscle*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugator_cutis_ani_muscle Rectum - corrugator cutis ani muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital inferior rectal nerve]}; ACTION={raises the skin into ridges around the margin of the anus}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_ani_externus_muscle Rectum - sphincter ani externus muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital inferior rectal nerve]}; ACTION={keep the anal canal and anus closed, aids in the expulsion of the feces}
  * *Urethral sphincter*
   * *Detrusor urinae muscle*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrusor_urinae_muscle Ureter - detrusor urinae muscle, parasympathetic]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to urinary bladder]}; ACTION={parasympathetic contracts, to urinate}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrusor_urinae_muscle Ureter - detrusor urinae muscle, sympathetic]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, ureteric]}; ACTION={sympathetic relaxes, to store urine}
   * *External sphincter muscle of urethra*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra Ureter - external sphincter muscle of female urethra]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital perineal nerve, deep branch]}; ACTION={control urination, constricts urethra, maintain urinary continence}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra Ureter - external sphincter muscle of male urethra]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital perineal nerve, deep branch]}; ACTION={control urination, constricts urethra, maintain urinary continence}
   * *Internal sphincter muscle of urethra*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_sphincter_muscle_of_urethra Ureter - internal sphincter muscle of urethra, parasympathetic]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to urinary bladder]}; ACTION={parasympathetic relaxes the muscle}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_sphincter_muscle_of_urethra Ureter - internal sphincter muscle of urethra, sympathetic]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, ureteric]}; ACTION={sympathetic contracts the muscle}