#summary Muscles of Human Head
[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [HumanMuscles] -> [HumanMusclesHead]
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This page is intended to list all muscles of biological human in the head area.
Related findings are structured by other research themes.

<wiki:toc max_depth="3" />

Coverage verified by:
  * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Muscular_system
  * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_muscles_of_the_human_body
  * https://www.msu.edu/user/vosskurt/Miscellaneous%20pages/musnvrt.htm

= TARGET.TEA.FACE =

== Face ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle Face - depressor anguli oris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch]}; ACTION={depresses angle of mouth}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_labii_inferioris_muscle Face - depressor labii inferioris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch]}; ACTION={depress the lower lip}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_anguli_oris Face - levator anguli oris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={smile (elevates angle of mouth)}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris Face - levator labii superioris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, zygomatic branch]}; ACTION={elevates the upper lip}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalis Face - mentalis muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch]}; ACTION={elevates and wrinkles skin of chin, protrudes lower lip}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle Face - orbicularis oris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={pucker the lips}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorius Face - risorius muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={draw back angle of mouth}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_muscle_of_the_chin Face - transverse muscle of the chin]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch]}; ACTION={assist with pulling the lower lip downward and help to tighten the skin over the chin}
  * *Zygomatic muscles*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_minor_muscle Face - zygomaticus minor muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={elevates upper lip}
   * *Zygomaticus major muscle*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_major_muscle Face - zygomaticus major muscle, buccal]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={draws angle of mouth upward and laterally}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_major_muscle Face - zygomaticus major muscle, proper]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, zygomatic branch]}; ACTION={draws angle of mouth upward and laterally}

== Endocrine ==
(generated)

  * *Endocrine - pancreas*; ACTION={prepare the body for a meal}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas Endocrine - pancreas, parasympathetic]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, celiac branch]}; ACTION={release parathyroid hormones into blood}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas Endocrine - pancreas, sympathetic]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalThoracic greater thoracic splanchnic nerve]}; ACTION={release parathyroid hormones into blood}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid Endocrine - parathyroid gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical middle cervical ganglion, thyroid branches]}; ACTION={release parathyroid hormones into blood}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland Endocrine - pituitary gland]*; TYPE={gland}; ACTION={Release hormones by request from HT}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid Endocrine - thyroid gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical middle cervical ganglion, thyroid branches]}; ACTION={release thyroid hormones into blood}

== Scalp/Eyelid ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_gland Eye - lacrimal gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial petrosal nerve, greater, to lacrimal gland]}; ACTION={secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugator_supercilii_muscle Face - corrugator supercilii muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, temporal branch]}; ACTION={wrinkles forehead}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_supercilii_muscle Face - depressor supercilii muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, zygomatic branch]}; ACTION={depression of eyebrow}
  * *Occipitofrontalis muscle*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontalis_muscle Face - frontalis muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, temporal branch]}; ACTION={raises the eyebrows}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipitalis_muscle Face - occipitalis muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial auricular nerve, posterior, occipital branch]}; ACTION={moves the scalp back}

= TARGET.TSA.EYE =

== Extraocular muscles ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_%28eyelids%29 Eye - inferior tarsal muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical internal carotid nerve, to tarsal muscle]}; ACTION={lower lid retraction}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle Eye - levator palpebrae superioris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial oculomotor nerve]}; ACTION={retracts/elevates eyelid}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical ciliary nerves, sympathetic fibers]; [HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, temporal branch]; [HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, zygomatic branch]}; ACTION={closes the eyelids}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_tarsal_muscle Eye - superior tarsal muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical internal carotid nerve, to tarsal muscle]}; ACTION={raise the upper eyelid}
  * *Oblique*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle Eye - inferior oblique muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial oculomotor nerve, inferior branch]}; ACTION={extorsion, elevation, abduction}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle Eye - superior oblique muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial trochlear nerve]}; ACTION={primary: intorsion, secondary:abduct (laterally rotate) and depress the eyeball}
  * *Rectus*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle Eye - inferior rectus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial oculomotor nerve, inferior branch]}; ACTION={depression and adduction}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle Eye - lateral rectus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial abducent nerve]}; ACTION={abducts the eyeball}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle Eye - medial rectus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial oculomotor nerve, inferior branch]}; ACTION={adducts the eyeball}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle Eye - superior rectus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial oculomotor nerve, superior branch]}; ACTION={elevates, adducts, and rotates medially the eye}

== Intraocular muscles ==
(generated)

  * *Eye - ciliary muscle*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_muscle Eye - ciliary muscle - parasympathetic]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial ciliary nerves, short, parasympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={accommodation inhibition}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_muscle Eye - ciliary muscle - sympathetic]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical ciliary nerves, sympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={accommodation excitation}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle Eye - iris dilator muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical ciliary nerves, sympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={pupil dilation}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle Eye - iris sphincter muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial ciliary nerves, short, parasympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={constricts pupil}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalis_muscle Eye - orbitalis muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical ciliary nerves, sympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={protrusion of eyeball}

= TARGET.TSA.EAR =

== Ear ==
(generated)

  * *Auricular muscles*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_auricular_muscle Ear - anterior auricular muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, temporal branch]}; ACTION={pulls ear forward}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_muscle_of_auricle Ear - oblique muscle of auricle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial auricular nerve, posterior, auricular branch]}; ACTION={movement of the ears}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_auricular_muscle Ear - posterior auricular muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial auricular nerve, posterior]}; ACTION={pulls ear backward}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_auricular_muscle Ear - superior auricular muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial auricular nerve, posterior]}; ACTION={pulls ear upward}
  * *[http://www.d.umn.edu/~jfitzake/Lectures/UndergradPharmacy/SensoryPhysiology/Audition/OHCFunction.html Ear - outer hair cells]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial cochlear nerve]}; ACTION={contracts basilar membrane; mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters cochlea}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapedius Ear - stapedius muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial stapedius nerve]}; ACTION={control the amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporoparietalis_muscle Ear - temporoparietalis muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, temporal branch]}; ACTION={assist the frontal belly in drawing the epicranial aponeurosis towards the front of the cranium}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_tympani Ear - tympanic membrane muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial nerve to tensor tympani]}; ACTION={tensing the tympanic membrane}

= TARGET.TSA.NOSE =

== Nose ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procerus_muscle Face - procerus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={draws down the medial angle of the eyebrow giving expressions of frowning}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle Nose - depressor septi nasi muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={depression of nasal septum}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle Nose - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={dilates the nostril; elevates the upper lip and wing of the nose}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_glands Nose - nasal glands]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={anterior - moisturize the nasal mucosa; bowman - help the olfactory region with smelling}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalis_muscle Nose - nasalis muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose, elevates corners of nostrils, dilation of nostrils}

= TARGET.TEA.MOUTH =

== Mouth ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinator_muscle Face - buccinator muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={compress the cheeks against the teeth (blowing), mastication}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle Face - depressor anguli oris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch]}; ACTION={depresses angle of mouth}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_labii_inferioris_muscle Face - depressor labii inferioris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch]}; ACTION={depress the lower lip}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_anguli_oris Face - levator anguli oris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={smile (elevates angle of mouth)}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris Face - levator labii superioris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, zygomatic branch]}; ACTION={elevates the upper lip}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalis Face - mentalis muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch]}; ACTION={elevates and wrinkles skin of chin, protrudes lower lip}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle Face - orbicularis oris muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={pucker the lips}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorius Face - risorius muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={draw back angle of mouth}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_muscle_of_the_chin Face - transverse muscle of the chin]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, marginal mandibular branch]}; ACTION={assist with pulling the lower lip downward and help to tighten the skin over the chin}
  * *Zygomatic muscles*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_minor_muscle Face - zygomaticus minor muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={elevates upper lip}
   * *Zygomaticus major muscle*
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_major_muscle Face - zygomaticus major muscle, buccal]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={draws angle of mouth upward and laterally}
    * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_major_muscle Face - zygomaticus major muscle, proper]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, zygomatic branch]}; ACTION={draws angle of mouth upward and laterally}

== Mastication ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinator_muscle Feeder - buccinator muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial facial nerve, buccal branch]}; ACTION={compress the cheeks against the teeth (blowing), mastication}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseter_muscle Feeder - masseter muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial masseteric nerve]}; ACTION={elevation (as in closing of the mouth) and retraction of mandible}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland Feeder - parotid gland]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial petrosal nerve, lesser]}; ACTION={major salivary gland; promotes the secretion of saliva}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual_gland Feeder - sublingual gland]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial sublingual nerve]}; ACTION={one of major salivary glands; promotes the secretion of saliva}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_gland Feeder - submandibular gland]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial chorda tympani, parasympathetic]}; ACTION={one of major salivary glands; promotes the secretion of saliva}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporalis_muscle Feeder - temporal muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial temporal nerves, deep]}; ACTION={elevation and retraction of mandible}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa Protector - hard palate mucous gland]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial palatine nerve, greater, parasympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={lubrication and buffering as well as secretion of some antibodies; moist surface}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa Protector - soft palate mucous gland]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial palatine nerves, lesser, parasympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={lubrication and buffering as well as secretion of some antibodies; moist surface}
  * *Pterygoid muscles*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_pterygoid_muscle Feeder - lateral pterygoid muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial pterygoid nerve, lateral]}; ACTION={depresses mandible}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_pterygoid_muscle Feeder - medial pterygoid muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial pterygoid nerve, medial]}; ACTION={elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland Vessels - parotid gland vasoconstrictors]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical external carotid nerve]}; ACTION={reduces glandular bloodflow, thereby decreasing the volume of fluid in salivary secretions, producing an enzyme rich mucous saliva}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual_gland Vessels - sublingual gland vasoconstrictors]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical external carotid nerve]}; ACTION={reduces glandular bloodflow, thereby decreasing the volume of fluid in salivary secretions, producing an enzyme rich mucous saliva}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_gland Vessels - submandibular gland vasoconstrictors]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesSpinalCervical external carotid nerve]}; ACTION={reduces glandular bloodflow, thereby decreasing the volume of fluid in salivary secretions, producing an enzyme rich mucous saliva}

== Tongue ==
(generated)

  * *Extrinsic*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroglossus Feeder - chondroglossus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial hypoglossal nerve]}; ACTION={depresses tongue}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genioglossus Feeder - genioglossus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial hypoglossal nerve]}; ACTION={complex - inferior fibers protrude the tongue, middle fibers depress the tongue, and its superior fibers draw the tip back and down}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoglossus Feeder - hyoglossus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial hypoglossal nerve]}; ACTION={depresses tongue}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatoglossus_muscle Feeder - palatoglossus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, pharyngeal plexus]}; ACTION={raising the back part of the tongue}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styloglossus Feeder - styloglossus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial hypoglossal nerve]}; ACTION={elevates and retracts tongue}
  * *Intrinsic*
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_longitudinal_muscle Feeder - inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial hypoglossal nerve]}; ACTION={shortens, retracts, pulls tip downward}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_longitudinal_muscle Feeder - superior longitudinal muscle of tongue]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial hypoglossal nerve]}; ACTION={shortens, turns tip upward, turns lateral margins upward}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_muscle Feeder - transverse muscle of tongue]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial hypoglossal nerve]}; ACTION={narrows and elongates}
   * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticalis_muscle Feeder - vertical muscle of tongue]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial hypoglossal nerve]}; ACTION={flattens}

== Soft palate ==
(generated)

  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_veli_palatini Feeder - levator veli palatini muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch]}; ACTION={elevates soft palate}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_uvulae Feeder - musculus uvulae muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial palatine nerves, lesser, parasympathetic fibers]}; ACTION={elevates and retracts the uvula, thickening the central part of the soft palate}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle Feeder - tensor veli palatini muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial nerve to tensor veli palatini]}; ACTION={tension of the soft palate}
  * *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatopharyngeus_muscle Speaker - palatopharyngeus muscle]*; TYPE={cranial}; NERVES={[HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch]}; ACTION={pulls pharynx and larynx}