#summary Eye
@@[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainAreaTSA] -> [BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE]
----

This page covers biological details of component Eye.
Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

  * *Top-down path to region*: Target -> Human Sensors (aHumanSensors) -> [BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye] (TARGET.TSA.EYE) (see [OverallMindMaps Mind Maps])
  * *Type*: sensor
  * *Quality*: L0
  * *Brain area*: [BrainAreaTSA Sensor Area] (TSA)
  * *Area circuit*: TARGET.TSA.EYE Circuit (TARGET.TSA.EYE.CIRCUIT)
  * *Role*: targetsensor
  * *Function*: Light and Color Perception Sensor
(generated)
= Components =
(generated)


*Component items*:
  * *Eye sensory data* (*eye-sensory*)
   * Eye - rods and cones (eye-edge-output -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT LPC.PN.SG.RT]): after on-center/off-center edge extraction and zipping 100:1
   * Eye - somatic receptors (eye-somatic -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG LPC.PN.SG.TRG]): eye -> semilunar ganglion/ophthalmic -> PTR
   * Eye - visceral receptors (eye-visceral -> [BrainRegionLPC_MM_MSTR LPC.MM.MSTR]): eye -> semilunar ganglion/ophthalmic -> STR, proprioception
  * *Eye rotation motor muscles* (*eye-rotation-motor*)
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle Eye - inferior oblique muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN LPC.MM.OCN] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-rotate-major-inferior-oblique]): extorsion, elevation, abduction
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle Eye - inferior rectus muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN LPC.MM.OCN] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-rotate-major-inferior-rectus]): depression and adduction
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle Eye - medial rectus muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN LPC.MM.OCN] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-rotate-major-medial-rectus]): adducts the eyeball
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle Eye - superior rectus muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN LPC.MM.OCN] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-rotate-major-superior-rectus]): elevates, adducts, and rotates medially the eye
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle Eye - levator palpebrae superioris muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN LPC.MM.OCN] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-rotate-major-levator-palpebrae]): retracts/elevates eyelid
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle Eye - superior oblique muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_MM_TRH LPC.MM.TRH] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-rotate-minor]): superior oblique, rotation in a vertical plane - looking down and up, rotation in the plane of the face
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle Eye - lateral rectus muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD LPC.HT.ABD] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-rotate-vestibular]): lateral rectus, quick turn to the right -> compensatory reflex turning of two eyes to the left
  * *Eye pupil and accomodation motor muscles* (*eye-pupil-motor*)
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_muscle Eye - ciliary muscle - sympathetic] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG LAC.PN.SYM.SCG] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-curvature-sympathetic]): to ciliary muscle to increase eye accomodation
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_muscle Eye - ciliary muscle - parasympathetic] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-curvature-parasympathetic]): to ciliary muscle to inhibit eye accomodation
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle Eye - iris sphincter muscle] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_EPG LAC.PN.PSYM.EPG] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-pupil-close]): to sphincter pupillae to close pupil
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle Eye - iris dilator muscle] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG LAC.PN.SYM.SCG] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-pupil-open]): to dilator pupillae to open pupil
  * *Eyelid motor muscles* (*eyelid-motor*)
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle:temporal] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-close-conscious-orbital]): orbital portion, contraction of the orbital to reduce glare
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle:zygomatic] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-close-conscious-lacrimal]): lacrimal part (tensor tarsi), conscious muscle to close eye; draws the eyelids and the ends of the lacrimal canals medialward and compresses them against the surface of the globe of the eye; compresses the lacrimal sac
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle Eye - orbicularis oculi muscle:palpebrale] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-close-involuntary-palpebrale]): palpebral portion, acts involuntarily, closing the lids gently; involuntary muscle to close eye
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_tarsal_muscle Eye - superior tarsal muscle] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG LAC.PN.SYM.SCG] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-superior-tarsal]): raise the upper eyelid
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_%28eyelids%29 Eye - inferior tarsal muscle] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG LAC.PN.SYM.SCG] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-muscle-inferior-tarsal]): lower lid retraction
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalis_muscle Eye - orbitalis muscle] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG LAC.PN.SYM.SCG] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-orbitalis-muscle]): protrusion of eyeball
  * *Eye glands* (*eye-glands*)
   * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_gland Eye - lacrimal gland] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG] -> [HumanMusclesHead eye-tears-gland]): tears
   * Eye - lacrimal gland and conjunctiva receptors (eye-lacrimal-gland-conjunctiva-receptors -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG LPC.PN.SG.TRG]): tears

= Connectivity =
(generated)


http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/TARGET.TSA.EYE.dot.png

*Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* ||
|| [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG] || Ciliary Ganglion || eye-muscle-curvature-parasympathetic || (none) ||[http://www.neurophysiology.ws/autonomicns.htm Autonomic nervous system (CLG -> EYE)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_EPG LAC.PN.PSYM.EPG] || Episcleral Ganglion || eye-muscle-pupil-close || (none) ||[http://www.neurophysiology.ws/autonomicns.htm Autonomic nervous system (EPG -> EYE)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG] || Sphenopalatine Ganglion || eye-tears-gland || (none) ||(unknown reference) ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG LAC.PN.SYM.SCG] || Superior Cervical Ganglion || eye-muscle-curvature-sympathetic || (none) ||[http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v71/n3/fig_tab/pr201138f1.html Sympathetic and parasympathetic eye pathways (SCG -> EYE)] ||
|| [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD LPC.HT.ABD] || Abducens Nucleus || eye-muscle-rotate-vestibular || (none) ||[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter07.html Eye blink reflex and pupillary light reflex (Abducens -> EYE)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] || Facial Motor Nucleus || eye-muscle-close-conscious-lacrimal || (none) ||(unknown reference) ||
||  || [BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN LPC.MM.OCN] || Oculomotor Nucleus || eye-muscle-rotate-major-inferior-oblique || (none) ||[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter07.html Eye blink reflex and pupillary light reflex (Oculomotor -> EYE)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLPC_MM_TRH LPC.MM.TRH] || Trochlear Nucleus || eye-muscle-rotate-minor || (none) ||[http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-cranial-nerves-organization-of-the-central-nervous-system-part-4 Extraocular eye muscles (TRC -> EYE)] ||

*Outbound Region Connections:*

|| *Target Area* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* ||
|| [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLPC_MM_MSTR LPC.MM.MSTR] || Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus || eye-visceral || (none) || (unknown reference) ||
||  || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT LPC.PN.SG.RT] || Retinal Ganglion || eye-edge-output || (none) || [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter07.html Vision Components (EYE -> RT)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG LPC.PN.SG.TRG] || Trigeminal Ganglion || eye-lacrimal-gland-conjunctiva-receptors || (none) || (unknown reference) ||

= Thirdparty Circuits =
(generated)

  * [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/vision-subcortical.jpg Vision Components] - see [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter07.html Reference] (CP.VISION-COMPONENTS)

 CG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG]
 EWN=[BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN]
 EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
 LGN=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]
 OCN=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]
 RT=[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]
 SOA=Supraoculomotor Area,VBA.MM.SOA (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon])
 STN=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]
 VAC=Posterior Eye Field,NPE.NC.IPS.PEF (see [BrainCenterNSA_NC_IPS Intraparietal Sulcus])
 VC=[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]
<img src="http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/vision-subcortical.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/eye-and-ear/images/eye-and-ear.21.jpeg Retinal layers] - see [http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/eye-and-ear/eye-and-ear21.html Reference] (CX.EYE-RETINA)

 GANGLION=[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]
 INNER=[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]
 RODSCONES=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
<img src="http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/eye-and-ear/images/eye-and-ear.21.jpeg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp15F38_thumb.jpg Extraocular eye muscles] - see [http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-cranial-nerves-organization-of-the-central-nervous-system-part-4 Reference] (CX.EYE-EXTRAOCULAR-MUSCLES)

 ABD=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD]
 EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
 OCN=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]
 TRC=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_TRH Trochlear Nucleus,LPC.MM.TRH]
<img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp15F38_thumb.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400 width=400>

  * [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/figures/Figure_16_files/image002.jpg Trigeminal Nuclei] - see [http://www.lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=Trigeminal+Nucleilang=1 Reference] (CP.TRIGEMINAL-NUCLEI)

 CSN=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_PTR Principal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HT.PN.PTR]
 EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
 STR=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]
 VPM=[BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPM]
<img src="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/figures/Figure_16_files/image002.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/oculomotor.jpg Eye blink reflex and pupillary light reflex] - see [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter07.html Reference] (CP.SACCADIC-MOTOR-CONTROL)

 Abducens=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD]
 Ciliary=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG]
 EWN=[BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN]
 EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
 Facial=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]
 Oculomotor=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]
 Pretectum=Pretectum,MM.PT (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon])
 PrincipalTrigeminal=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_PTR Principal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HT.PN.PTR]
 RF=[BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF]
 SpinalTrigeminal=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]
 SupraOculomotor=Supraoculomotor Area,VBA.MM.SOA (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon])
 VAC=Associative Visual Cortex,NPE.NC.OCC.V3 (see [BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC Occipital Lobe])
<img src="http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/oculomotor.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/31465/fnint-06-00094-r2/image_m/fnint-06-00094-g002.jpg Effect of light on pupil diameter] - see [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Reference] (CP.PUPIL-REFLEX)

 DMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]
 EW=[BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN]
 EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
 GC=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG]
 IML=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center,LAC.SC.IZ.CSC]
 LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]
 OPN=[BrainRegionLRC_MM_PT_PON Pretectal Olivary Nucleus,LRC.MM.PT.PON]
 PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 RET=[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]
 SCG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.SCG]
 SCN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]
<img src="http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/31465/fnint-06-00094-r2/image_m/fnint-06-00094-g002.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v71/n3/images/pr201138f1.gif Sympathetic and parasympathetic eye pathways] - see [http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v71/n3/fig_tab/pr201138f1.html Reference] (CP.EYE-SYM-PATHWAYS)

 CC=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center,LAC.SC.IZ.CSC]
 CLG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG]
 EWN=[BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN]
 EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
 PHT=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PN Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PN]
 SCG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.SCG]
<img src="http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v71/n3/images/pr201138f1.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400 width=400>

  * [http://www.neurophysiology.ws/images/fig-4.gif Autonomic nervous system] - see [http://www.neurophysiology.ws/autonomicns.htm Reference] (CM.AUTONOMIC-MUSCLES)

 CLG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG]
 DM=[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]
 EPG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_EPG Episcleral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.EPG]
 EWN=[BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN]
 EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
 ISL=[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL]
 OTG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_OTG Otic Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.OTG]
 SMG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SXG Submandibular Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SXG]
 SPG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]
 SSL=[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]
<img src="http://www.neurophysiology.ws/images/fig-4.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


= References =
(generated)

  * http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter07.html
  * http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/eye-and-ear/eye-and-ear21.html
  * http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-cranial-nerves-organization-of-the-central-nervous-system-part-4
  * http://www.lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=Trigeminal+Nucleilang=1
  * http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full
  * http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v71/n3/fig_tab/pr201138f1.html
  * http://www.neurophysiology.ws/autonomicns.htm