#summary Ear @@[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainAreaTSA] -> [BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR] ---- This page covers biological details of component Ear. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model. * *Top-down path to region*: Target -> Human Sensors (aHumanSensors) -> [BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR Ear] (TARGET.TSA.EAR) (see [OverallMindMaps Mind Maps]) * *Type*: sensor * *Quality*: L0 * *Brain area*: [BrainAreaTSA Sensor Area] (TSA) * *Area circuit*: TARGET.TSA.EAR Circuit (TARGET.TSA.EAR.CIRCUIT) * *Role*: targetsensor * *Function*: Auditory and Vestibular Sensor (generated) = Components = (generated) *Component items*: * *Ear sound sensory data* (*ear-sensory-sound-data*) * Ear - inner hair cells (ear-inner-hair-cells -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP LPC.PN.SG.SP]): frequency-aligned tonotopic mapping * Ear - outer hair cells feedback (ear-outer-hair-cells-feedback -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP LPC.PN.SG.SP]): verifies amplify actions done * Ear - somatic receptors (ear-somatic -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG LPC.PN.SG.GNG]): from skin to geniculate ganglion to spinal trigeminal nucleus * Ear - outer ear skin (ear-external-skin -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_UDRG LPC.PN.SG.UDRG]): skin over the mastoid process, back of the auricle, lobule and a portion of the scalp * Ear - acoustic meatus skin (ear-acoustic-meatus-skin -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG LPC.PN.SG.TRG]): from skin lining external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane to trigeminal gangion * Ear - visceral receptors (ear-visceral -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_JUG LPC.PN.SG.JUG]): pain, temperature, and touch * Ear - timpanic cavity (ear-timpanic-cavity -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_PET LPC.PN.SG.PET]): pain, temperature, and touch * *Ear vestibular sensory data* (*ear-sensory-vestibular-data*) * Ear - semicircular canals, cristae (ear-semicircular-canals -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_CVB LPC.PN.SG.CVB]): activate afferent receptors in response to rotational acceleration * Ear - utricle, maculae (ear-utricle -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_UVB LPC.PN.SG.UVB]): activate afferent receptors in response to horizontal linear acceleration * Ear - saccule, maculae (ear-saccule -> [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SVB LPC.PN.SG.SVB]): activate afferent receptors in response to vertical linear acceleration * *Ear sound sensory control* (*ear-sensory-control*) * [http://www.d.umn.edu/~jfitzake/Lectures/UndergradPharmacy/SensoryPhysiology/Audition/OHCFunction.html Ear - outer hair cells] ([BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC LPC.MM.SOC] -> [HumanMusclesHead ear-outer-hair-cells]): contracts basilar membrane; mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters cochlea * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapedius Ear - stapedius muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead ear-stapedius]): dampens vibrations of stapes * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_tympani Ear - tympanic membrane muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM LPC.HT.TRM] -> [HumanMusclesHead ear-tensor-tympani-muscle]): dampen sounds, such as those produced from chewing * *Ear move muscles* (*ear-move*) * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_auricular_muscle Ear - anterior auricular muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead ear-anterior-auricular-muscle]): pulls ear forward * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_auricular_muscle Ear - posterior auricular muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead ear-posterior-auricular-muscle]): pulls ear backward * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_auricular_muscle Ear - superior auricular muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead ear-superior-auricular-muscle]): pulls ear upward * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_muscle_of_auricle Ear - oblique muscle of auricle] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead ear-oblique-auricular-muscle]): movement of the ears * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporoparietalis_muscle Ear - temporoparietalis muscle] ([BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] -> [HumanMusclesHead ear-temporoparietalis-muscle]): assist the frontal belly in drawing the epicranial aponeurosis towards the front of the cranium = Connectivity = (generated) http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/TARGET.TSA.EAR.dot.png *Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM LPC.HT.FCM] || Facial Motor Nucleus || ear-anterior-auricular-muscle || (none) ||(unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM LPC.HT.TRM] || Trigeminal Motor Nucleus || ear-tensor-tympani-muscle || (none) ||(unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC LPC.MM.SOC] || Superior Olivary Complex || ear-outer-hair-cells || (none) ||[http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns Five Parallel Auditory Pathways (VNTB -> Cochlea)] || *Outbound Region Connections:* || *Target Area* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_CVB LPC.PN.SG.CVB] || Vestibular Ganglion - Semicircular Canal Neurons || ear-semicircular-canals || (none) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG LPC.PN.SG.GNG] || Geniculate Ganglion || ear-somatic || (none) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_JUG LPC.PN.SG.JUG] || Jugular Ganglion || ear-visceral || (none) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_PET LPC.PN.SG.PET] || Petrosal Ganglion || ear-timpanic-cavity || (none) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP LPC.PN.SG.SP] || Spiral Ganglion || ear-inner-hair-cells || (none) || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644605035427 Auditory System Model (Ear -> CochleaGanglion)] || || || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SVB LPC.PN.SG.SVB] || Vestibular Ganglion - Saccule Neurons || ear-saccule || (none) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG LPC.PN.SG.TRG] || Trigeminal Ganglion || ear-acoustic-meatus-skin || (none) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_UDRG LPC.PN.SG.UDRG] || Upper Dorsal Root Ganglion || ear-external-skin || (none) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_UVB LPC.PN.SG.UVB] || Vestibular Ganglion - Utricle Neurons || ear-utricle || (none) || (unknown reference) || = Thirdparty Circuits = (generated) * [http://ars.sciencedirect.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1359644605035427-gr1.jpg Auditory System Model] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644605035427 Reference] (CP.AUDITORY-SYSTEM-MODEL) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] Cochlea=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) CochleaGanglion=[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP] Ear=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR] IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) MGB=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB] Olive=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] unavailable * [http://lifeboat.com/kurzweil/cochlea.gif Five Parallel Auditory Pathways] - see [http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns Reference] (CP.FIVE-AUDITORY-PATHWAYS) AC=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] Cochlea=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR] CochleaGanglion=[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP] DCN=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) DNLL=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_LL Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus,LPC.HT.PN.LL] GBC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) ICC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) ICx=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) LS=[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation,FMM.FT.HF] LSO=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] MC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) MGB=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB] MSO=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] OC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) SBC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) VNLL=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_LL Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus,LPC.HT.PN.LL] VNTB=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,ABA.MM.SOC.TZ] unavailable * [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/FigVI1.gif Auditory System in Brain] - see [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd6.html Reference] (CP.AUDITORY-SYSTEM-BRAIN) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] Cochlea=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) CochleaGanglion=[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP] Ear=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR] IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) MGB=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB] Olive=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] unavailable = References = (generated) * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644605035427 * http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns * http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd6.html