#summary Endocrine Glands @@[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainAreaTEA] -> [BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE] ---- This page covers biological details of component Endocrine Glands. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model. * *Top-down path to region*: Target -> Human Effectors (aHumanEffectors) -> [BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands] (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE) (see [OverallMindMaps Mind Maps]) * *Type*: effector * *Quality*: L0 * *Brain area*: [BrainAreaTEA Effector Area] (TEA) * *Area circuit*: TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE Circuit (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE.CIRCUIT) * *Role*: targeteffector * *Function*: Secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant target organ (generated) = Components = (generated) *Component items*: * *Endocrine head* (*endocrine-head*) * *Endocrine - pituitary gland*: release hormones by request from HT * Adenohypophysis ([BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR LAC.FD.HT.AR] -> endocrine-adenohypophysis): secrete releasing hormones into blood * *Distal Part of Hypophysis* * *Intermediate Part of Hypophysis* * *Tuberal Part of Hypophysis* * Neurohypophysis ([BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO LAC.FD.HT.SO] -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin): transport vasopressin secreted in hypothalamus to blood * *Infundibular Stem* * *Pars Nervosa of Hypophysis* * Nucleus of Medial Eminence ([BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV LAC.FD.HT.PV] -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin): transport oxytocin secreted in hypothalamus to blood * *Anterior Median Eminence* * *Posterior Median Eminence* * *Lateral Eminence of Hypophysis* * *Endocrine - pineal gland* (*endocrine-pineal-gland*): control of sexual development * *Endocrine neck* (*endocrine-neck*) * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid Endocrine - thyroid gland] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_MCG LAC.PN.SYM.MCG] -> [HumanMusclesHead endocrine-thyroid-gland]): release thyroid hormones into blood to rise oxygen use and heat production * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid Endocrine - parathyroid gland] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_MCG LAC.PN.SYM.MCG] -> [HumanMusclesHead endocrine-parathyroid-gland]): release parathyroid hormones into blood to increase in blood calcium levels * *Endocrine body* (*endocrine-body*) * *Endocrine - pancreas* (*endocrine-pancreas*): release digestive enzymes that act in small intestine to increase rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas Endocrine - pancreas, sympathetic] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_CEG LAC.PN.SYM.CEG] -> [HumanMusclesHead endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic]): sympathetic, a2: decreases secretion from beta cells, increases secretion from alpha cells, b2: increases secretion from beta cells * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas Endocrine - pancreas, parasympathetic] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT] -> [HumanMusclesHead endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic]): parasympathetic, stimulates insulin secretion, M3: increases stimulation of alpha cells and beta cells * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland Endocrine - adrenal gland] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SMG LAC.PN.SYM.SMG] -> [HumanMusclesTorso endocrine-adrenal-gland]): releasing hormones in response to stress * *Endocrine - gonads* (*endocrine-gonads*): release estrogen, progesterone and testosterone hormones to promote maturation of reproductive organs * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle Endocrine - testicle gland] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_ARG LAC.PN.SYM.ARG] -> [HumanMusclesTorso endocrine-testicle-gland]): produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary Endocrine - ovary gland] ([BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_ARG LAC.PN.SYM.ARG] -> [HumanMusclesTorso endocrine-ovary-gland]): secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium = Connectivity = (generated) http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE.dot.png *Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB FAM.FD.MHB] || Medial Habenula || endocrine-pineal-gland || (none) ||[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Habenula Connections (MHb -> PB)] || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR LAC.FD.HT.AR] || Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus || endocrine-adenohypophysis || (none) ||(unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV LAC.FD.HT.PV] || Paraventricular Nucleus || endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin || (none) ||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (HT.PV -> PUT)] || || || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO LAC.FD.HT.SO] || Supraoptic Nucleus || endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin || (none) ||(unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT] || Parasympathetic Gut Brain || endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic || (none) ||(unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_ARG LAC.PN.SYM.ARG] || Aorticorenal Ganglion || endocrine-ovary-gland || (none) ||(unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_CEG LAC.PN.SYM.CEG] || Coelic Ganglion || endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic || (none) ||(unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_MCG LAC.PN.SYM.MCG] || Middle Cervical Ganglion || endocrine-parathyroid-gland || (none) ||(unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SMG LAC.PN.SYM.SMG] || Superior Mesenteric Ganglion || endocrine-adrenal-gland || (none) ||(unknown reference) || *Outbound Region Connections:* * no connections = Thirdparty Circuits = (generated) * [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/images/nrendo.2010.93-f1.jpg Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Reference] (CP.BOWELS) AMY=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] ARC=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR] DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) LHA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN] ME=[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE] NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) NTS=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL] OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PBN=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB] PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV] VMN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg Habenula Connections] - see [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Reference] (CF.HB-CONNECTIONS) CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) DBB=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB] DR=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN] GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) IP=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD] LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus]) LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB Habenula]) LPO=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO] MHb=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB] MR=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC] PB=[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE] S=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP] SNc=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://neuropolitics.org/connect-amygdala.jpg Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex] - see [http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Reference] (CF.AM-DISRUPTION) ACG=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area]) AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) HT.L=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus]) HT.PV=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV] INS=[BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex,NC.INS] LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC] MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] PB=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB] PUT=[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE] SOL=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL] TH=Thalamus,FD.TH unavailable = References = (generated) * http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html * http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula * http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp