#summary Primary Auditory Cortex @@[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainAreaNSA] -> [BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1] ---- This page covers biological details of component Primary Auditory Cortex. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model. * *Top-down path to region*: Cerebral Cortex -> Temporal Lobe (NC.LOBE.TEMP) -> [BrainCenterNSA_NC_TTG Transverse Temporal Gyrus] (NSA.NC.TTG) -> [BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex] (NSA.NC.TTG.A1) (see [OverallMindMaps Mind Maps]) * *Type*: cortex * *Quality*: L0 * *Brain area*: [BrainAreaNSA Neocortical Brain - Sensory Aggregation Area] (NSA) * *Area circuit*: Neocortical Audition Aggregation (NAA) * *Brodmann ID*: 41 * *Role*: cortex.sensory.primary * *Function*: Main topotonic map, extract phonemes * *Notes to function*: * Core (generated) = Components = (generated) * no child items defined = Connectivity = (generated) http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/NSA.NC.TTG.A1.dot.png *Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM FAM.FT.AM.BM] || Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AM -> AC, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaNSA NSA] || [BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB NSA.FD.TH.MGB] || Medial Geniculate Body || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Thalamocortical relationships (MGN -> pMGN)] || *Outbound Region Connections:* || *Target Area* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLPC_MM_CIC LPC.MM.CIC] || Central Nucleus of Inferior Colliculus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AC -> IC, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaNMA NMA] || [BrainRegionNMA_NC_PMC_F7 NMA.NC.PMC.F7] || Dorsal Rostral Premotor Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Dual Auditory Processing (A1 -> DLPFC, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaNPE NPE] || [BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPL_SMW NPE.NC.IPL.SMW] || Supramarginal Wernike Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Dual Auditory Processing (A1 -> PPC, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaNSA NSA] || [BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3 NSA.NC.STG.A3] || Wernicke's area A3 || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810011000080 Cortico-Cortical Connectivity (A1 -> AA)] || || || [BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4 NSA.NC.STG.A4] || Wernicke's area A4 || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full Vocal Control (A1 -> Wernike)] || || || [BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A2 NSA.NC.TTG.A2] || Auditory Association Area || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html Cortical Auditory System (Core41 -> Belt42)] || = Thirdparty Circuits = (generated) * [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/images/nn.2331-F5.jpg Cortical Auditory System] - see [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html Reference] (CP.CORTICAL-AUDITORY-SYSTEM) AC22=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4 Wernicke's area A4,NSA.NC.STG.A4] Belt42=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A2 Auditory Association Area,NSA.NC.TTG.A2] Core41=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] IFC44=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) IFC45=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) IPL40=Supramarginal Gyrus,NC.IPL.SMG (see [BrainCenterNC_IPL Inferior Parietal Lobule]) PMC6=Ventral Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.VPMC (see [BrainCenterNC_PMC Premotor Cortex]) PMC8=[BrainRegionNPE_NC_PMC_AFEF Anterior Frontal Eye Field,NPE.NC.PMC.AFEF] STS22=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3 Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3] unavailable * [http://cdn.f1000r.com.s3.amazonaws.com/manuscripts/1181/d6e9eca8-bb85-4382-8286-723b00f8b36f_figure7.gif Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum] - see [http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Reference] (CP.VISUAL-AUDITORY-INTERACTIONS) AC=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] CN=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) MGB=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB] OC=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] PM=[BrainCenterNC_PMC Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC] SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) unavailable * [http://lifeboat.com/kurzweil/cochlea.gif Five Parallel Auditory Pathways] - see [http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns Reference] (CP.FIVE-AUDITORY-PATHWAYS) AC=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] Cochlea=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR] CochleaGanglion=[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP] DCN=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) DNLL=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_LL Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus,LPC.HT.PN.LL] GBC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) ICC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) ICx=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) LS=[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation,FMM.FT.HF] LSO=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] MC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) MGB=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB] MSO=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] OC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) SBC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) VNLL=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_LL Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus,LPC.HT.PN.LL] VNTB=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,ABA.MM.SOC.TZ] unavailable * [http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/1349/fnana-04-00134-HTML/image_m/fnana-04-00134-g001.jpg Echo-Location in Bats] - see [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2010.00134/full Reference] (CP.ECHOLOCATION) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] SG=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_SG Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus,NSA.FD.TH.SG] unavailable * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/bin/nihms147975f1.jpg Dual Auditory Processing] - see [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Reference] (CP.DUAL-AUDITORY-PROCESSING) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] DLPFC=Dorsal Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.DPMC (see [BrainCenterNC_PMC Premotor Cortex]) PPC=Supramarginal Gyrus,NC.IPL.SMG (see [BrainCenterNC_IPL Inferior Parietal Lobule]) ST=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3 Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3] VLPFC=Ventral Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.VPMC (see [BrainCenterNC_PMC Premotor Cortex]) unavailable * [http://ars.sciencedirect.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1359644605035427-gr1.jpg Auditory System Model] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644605035427 Reference] (CP.AUDITORY-SYSTEM-MODEL) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] Cochlea=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) CochleaGanglion=[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP] Ear=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR] IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) MGB=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB] Olive=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] unavailable * [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/FigVI1.gif Auditory System in Brain] - see [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd6.html Reference] (CP.AUDITORY-SYSTEM-BRAIN) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] Cochlea=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]) CochleaGanglion=[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP] Ear=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR] IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) MGB=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB] Olive=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC] unavailable * [http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/10053/fnana-05-00034-r1/image_m/fnana-05-00034-g002.jpg Vocal Control] - see [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full Reference] (CM.VOCAL-CONTROL) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] Broca=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) M2=[BrainCenterNMA_NC_SMC Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC] MotorV=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM] MotorVII=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM] NucleusAmbiguus=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB] NucleusXII=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_HYG Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG] Premotor24=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG] RF=[BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF] Wernike=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4 Wernicke's area A4,NSA.NC.STG.A4] unavailable * [http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp3649_thumb1_thumb.jpg Thalamocortical relationships] - see [http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Reference] (CL.THALAMUS-PROJECTIONS) A=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus]) CM=[BrainRegionFEC_FD_TH_CM Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus,FEC.FD.TH.CM] LD=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_LD Lateral Dorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FMM.FD.TH.LD] LGN=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN] LP=[BrainRegionNPE_FD_TH_LP Lateral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus,NPE.FD.TH.LP] MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus]) MGN=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB] P=Ventral Posterior Nuclei,NSA.FD.TH.VP (see [BrainCenterFD_TH_SR Sensory Thalamus]) VA=[BrainRegionNMA_FD_TH_VA Ventral Anterior Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VA] VL=[BrainRegionNMA_FD_TH_VL Ventral Lateral Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VL] VPL=[BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPL] VPM=[BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPM] pA=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG] pCM=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) pLD=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area]) pLGN=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_V1 Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1] pLP=[BrainCenterNC_SPL Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL] pMD=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC pMGN=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] pP=[BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex,NC.INS] pVA=[BrainCenterNMA_NC_SMC Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC] pVL=[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC] pVPL=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S1 Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1] pVPM=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PO_PCC Precentral Cortex,NCP.NC.PO.PCC] s1A=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) s1MD=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP] s1P=[BrainRegionLPC_SC_IZ_CCV Central Cervical Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.CCV] s1VL=[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_DN Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN] s2A=Mammillary Body,FD.MB (see [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus]) s2MD=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_PH_PIR Piriform Cortex,NSA.NC.PH.PIR] s2P=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_PTR Principal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HT.PN.PTR] s2VL=[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG] s3MD=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC sCM=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) sLD=[BrainCenterNC_SPL Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL] sLP=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) sVA=[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG] sVPL=Marginal Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.MG (see [BrainCenterBMA_SC_PH Posterior/Dorsal Horn]) sVPM=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL] unavailable * [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1053810011000080-gr3.jpg Cortico-Cortical Connectivity] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810011000080 Reference] (CL.CORTICO-CORTICAL-CONNECTIVITY) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] AA=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3 Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3] M1=[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC] MA=[BrainCenterNC_PMC Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC] PFC=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC PTHA=[BrainCenterNC_IPL Inferior Parietal Lobule,NC.IPL] S1=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S1 Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1] SA=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_SPL_SA Somatosensory Association Cortex,NCP.NC.SPL.SA] V1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_V1 Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1] VA=Secondary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V2 (see [BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC Occipital Lobe]) unavailable = References = (generated) * http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html * http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 * http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns * http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2010.00134/full * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644605035427 * http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd6.html * http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full * http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810011000080