#summary Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area @@[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainAreaNDM] -> [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG] ---- This page covers biological details of component Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model. * *Top-down path to region*: Cerebral Cortex -> Anterior Lobe (NC.LOBE.ANT) -> [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area] (NC.ACG) -> Anterior Cingulate Cortex (NC.AL.ACG) -> [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area] (NDM.NC.AL.VACG) (see [OverallMindMaps Mind Maps]) * *Type*: cortex * *Quality*: L0 * *Brain area*: [BrainAreaNDM Neocortical Brain - Decision Making Area] (NDM) * *Area circuit*: Unimodal Control (UMC) * *Brodmann ID*: 24 * *Role*: cortex.generic * *Function*: Seat of Free Will * *Notes to function*: * motor, attentional and cognitive functions * BA24-rostral (generated) = Components = (generated) * no child items defined = Connectivity = (generated) http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/NDM.NC.AL.VACG.dot.png *Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB] || Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> ACG, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaNCP NCP] || [BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_AM NCP.FD.TH.AM] || Anteromedial Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/box/nrn1345_BX1.html Saccadic Vision (Thalamus -> FrontalCortex, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionNCP_NC_AL_SGCG NCP.NC.AL.SGCG] || Subgenual Cingulate Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain ||[http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc Regulation of Social Brain (SGC -> VACC)] || || || [BrainRegionNCP_NC_INS_AIC NCP.NC.INS.AIC] || Anterior Insular Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain ||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (INS -> ACG, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaNDM NDM] || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG NDM.NC.AL.DACG] || Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area || feedforward-glu || uncertain ||[http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0071402357/156721/figure350_1.html Principal Connections of Hippocampus (DorsalCingulate -> VentralCingulate)] || || || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC NDM.NC.AL.FPC] || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Role for serotonin in moral behavior (OMPFC -> ACG, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_IPG NDM.NC.AL.IPG] || Inferior Prefrontal Gyrus || feedforward-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.frontiersin.org/Human_Neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00184/full Directed Effort Network (fPole -> vACC)] || *Outbound Region Connections:* || *Target Area* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP FAM.FT.AM.BP] || Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Role for serotonin in moral behavior (ACG -> AMY, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH FEC.FT.ACC.SH] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Global visual system (FrontalCortex -> BGA, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_CN_BD FEC.FT.CN.BD] || Caudate Nucleus Body || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Global visual system (FrontalCortex -> BGA, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_VT FEC.FT.PU.VT] || Ventral Putamen || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Global visual system (FrontalCortex -> BGA, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaLLC LLC] || [BrainRegionLLC_HT_PRF_RTMG LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG] || Pontine Reticulotegmental Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://openagrosrl.com/www/page/292/ Motor neurons control (CTX -> PRF, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD_PV LLC.MM.RD.PV] || Parvocellular Part of Red Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/cblm.htm Cerebellum functional divisions (CTX -> RD, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaLMC LMC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || Locus Coeruleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaNCP NCP] || [BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG] || Posterior Cingulate Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0071402357/156721/figure350_1.html Principal Connections of Hippocampus (VentralCingulate -> PosteriorCingulate)] || || [BrainAreaNDM NDM] || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DLPFCR NDM.NC.AL.DLPFCR] || Rostral Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Role for serotonin in moral behavior (ACG -> LPFC, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaNMA NMA] || [BrainRegionNMA_NC_PMC_F2 NMA.NC.PMC.F2] || Dorsal Caudal Premotor Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) || = Thirdparty Circuits = (generated) * [http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0071402357/156721/figure350_1.gif Principal Connections of Hippocampus] - see [http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0071402357/156721/figure350_1.html Reference] (CT.CINGULUM-CONNECTIONS) AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] AN=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus]) DG=[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_DG Dentate Gyrus,FMM.FT.HC.DG] DorsalCingulate=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.DACG] EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) HC=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) MB=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB] PosteriorCingulate=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG] SEP=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP] SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) VentralCingulate=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG] unavailable * [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959438808001566-gr1.jpg Global visual system] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Reference] (CP.GLOBAL-VISUAL-SYSTEM) ATH=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus]) BGA=[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG] FrontalCortex=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT LGN=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN] OPN=[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN] ParietalCortex=Parietal Lobe,NC.LOBE.PAR Pulvinar=Pulvinar,FD.PV (see [BrainCenterFD_TH_SR Sensory Thalamus]) RF=[BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF] Retina=[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT] SCi=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) SCs=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) SNc=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT] SNr=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL] SpinalCord=Lamina IX,SC.VH.L9 (see [BrainCenterSC_VH Anterior/Ventral Horn]) Striatum=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VisualCortex=[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC] unavailable * [http://dev.epubbud.com/uploads/9/2/6/9263981/images/Medical_Physiology_A_Systems_Approach__1e_2011_pdf/index-187_1.jpg Motor neurons control] - see [http://openagrosrl.com/www/page/292/ Reference] (CM.CR-MN) CR=Cerebellum,LLC.HT.CR (see [BrainCenterLLC_HT_CRC Cerebellar Complex]) CTX=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT EAMN=[BrainCenterSC_VH Anterior/Ventral Horn,SC.VH] EGMN=[BrainCenterSC_VH Anterior/Ventral Horn,SC.VH] FAMN=[BrainCenterSC_VH Anterior/Ventral Horn,SC.VH] FG=[BrainRegionLRC_HT_CR_FG Fastigual Nucleus,LRC.HT.CR.FG] IP=Interposed Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.IP (see [BrainCenterLLC_HT_CRC Cerebellar Complex]) LT=[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_DN Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN] MRF=[BrainCenterHL_RF Medullary Reticular Formation,HL.RF] PRF=[BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF] RD=[BrainCenterLLC_MM_RD Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD] VB=[BrainCenterLPC_HT_VBN Vestibular Nuclei,LPC.HT.VBN] unavailable * [http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/cblconn.gif Cerebellum functional divisions] - see [http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/cblm.htm Reference] (CM.CR-DECUSSATION) CCV=[BrainRegionLPC_SC_IZ_CCV Central Cervical Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.CCV] CRP=[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_CC Cerebellar Lateral Lobe,LLC.HT.CR.CC] CRS=[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_PV Cerebellar Paravermis,LLC.HT.CR.PV] CRV=[BrainRegionLRC_HT_CR_VM Cerebellar Vermis,LRC.HT.CR.VM] CTX=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT DN=[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_DN Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN] FG=[BrainRegionLRC_HT_CR_FG Fastigual Nucleus,LRC.HT.CR.FG] IO=[BrainRegionLLC_HL_IO Inferior Olivary Nucleus,LLC.HL.IO] IP=Interposed Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.IP (see [BrainCenterLLC_HT_CRC Cerebellar Complex]) LT=[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_DN Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN] PNN=[BrainRegionLLC_HT_BPN Basilar Pontine Nuclei,LLC.HT.BPN] RD=[BrainCenterLLC_MM_RD Red Nucleus,LLC.MM.RD] RF=[BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF] SCM=[BrainCenterSC_VH Anterior/Ventral Horn,SC.VH] SCS=[BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_NP Proprius Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.NP] SCSD=[BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_CL Clarke Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.CL] VB=[BrainCenterLPC_HT_VBN Vestibular Nuclei,LPC.HT.VBN] VBG=[BrainCenterLPC_PN_SG_VB Vestibular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.VB] VL=[BrainRegionNMA_FD_TH_VL Ventral Lateral Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VL] unavailable * [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n7/images/nrn3516-f2.jpg Afferent pain pathways] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n7/fig_tab/nrn3516_F2.html Reference] (CF.PAIN-PATH) ACC=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area]) AMY=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] BG=[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG] Cerebellum=[BrainCenterLLC_HT_CRC Cerebellar Complex,LLC.HT.CRC] Insula=[BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex,NC.INS] PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] PB=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB] PFC=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC S1=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S1 Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1] S2=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S2 Secondary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S2] SC=[BrainCenterBMA_SC_PH Posterior/Dorsal Horn,BMA.SC.PH] Thalamus=[BrainCenterFD_TH_SR Sensory Thalamus,FD.TH.SR] unavailable * [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.medium.gif Role for serotonin in moral behavior] - see [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Reference] (CF.EMOTIONAL-MODULATION) ACG=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area]) AMY=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] HYP=[BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus,FD.HT] LPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) OMPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) unavailable * [http://brmlab.cz/lib/exe/fetch.php?hash=fca48f&media=http%3A%2F%2Fars.els-cdn.com%2Fcontent%2Fimage%2F1-s2.0-S1364661308002490-gr2.jpg Regulation of Social Brain] - see [http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc Reference] (CT.SOCIAL-BRAIN) AMG=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] Caud=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) DACC=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.DACG] DLPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) Hipp=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) IFG=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_IPG Inferior Prefrontal Gyrus,NDM.NC.AL.IPG] LSN=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_LH_LSN Lateral Spinal Nucleus,LAC.SC.LH.LSN] MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PhippG=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) Put=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) SGC=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_AL_SGCG Subgenual Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.AL.SGCG] SN=Substantia Nigra,FEC.FT.SN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VACC=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] VentPal=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) unavailable * [http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/18691/fnhum-06-00184-HTML/image_m/fnhum-06-00184-g001.jpg Directed Effort Network] - see [http://www.frontiersin.org/Human_Neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00184/full Reference] (CT.DIRECTED-EFFORT-NETWORK) AC22=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4 Wernicke's area A4,NSA.NC.STG.A4] ACA=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A2 Auditory Association Area,NSA.NC.TTG.A2] AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] DLPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) Insula=[BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex,NC.INS] OPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PPC=[BrainCenterNC_IPL Inferior Parietal Lobule,NC.IPL] dACC=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.DACG] fPole=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_IPG Inferior Prefrontal Gyrus,NDM.NC.AL.IPG] tPole=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_TPC Temporopolar Cortex,NCP.NC.TPC] vACC=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG] unavailable * [http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/10053/fnana-05-00034-r1/image_m/fnana-05-00034-g002.jpg Vocal Control] - see [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full Reference] (CM.VOCAL-CONTROL) A1=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1] Broca=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) M2=[BrainCenterNMA_NC_SMC Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC] MotorV=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM] MotorVII=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM] NucleusAmbiguus=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB] NucleusXII=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_HYG Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG] Premotor24=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG] RF=[BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF] Wernike=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4 Wernicke's area A4,NSA.NC.STG.A4] unavailable = References = (generated) * http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0071402357/156721/figure350_1.html * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 * http://openagrosrl.com/www/page/292/ * http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/cblm.htm * http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n7/fig_tab/nrn3516_F2.html * http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html * http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc * http://www.frontiersin.org/Human_Neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00184/full * http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full