#summary Paraventricular Nucleus
@@[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainAreaLAC] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV]
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This page covers biological details of component Paraventricular Nucleus.
Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

  * *Top-down path to region*: Forebrain Diencephalon -> [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus] (FD.HT) -> Anterior Hypothalamus Area (LAC.FD.HT.AHT) -> Tuberal Area (LAC.FD.HT.TUB) -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PV) (see [OverallMindMaps Mind Maps])
  * *Type*: nucleus
  * *Quality*: L0
  * *Brain area*: [BrainAreaLAC Lower Brain - Autonomous Control Area] (LAC)
  * *Area circuit*: Thirst and Hunger Control (LATH)
  * *Role*: processor.autonomic
  * *Function*: Regulate appetite and autonomic functions
(generated)
= Components =
(generated)


*Component items*:
  * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Magnocellular Division*
   * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Magnocellular Division - Anterior Magnocellular Part*
   * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Magnocellular Division - Medial Magnocellular Part*
   * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Magnocellular Division - Posterior Magnocellular Part*
    * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Magnocellular Division - Posterior Magnocellular Part Lateral Zone*
    * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Magnocellular Division - Posterior Magnocellular Part Medial Zone*
  * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Parvicellular Division*
  * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Descending Division*
   * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Descending Division - Dorsal Parvicellular Part*
   * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Descending Division - Forniceal Part*
   * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Descending Division - Lateral Parvicellular Part*
   * *Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Descending Division - Medial Parvicellular Part, Ventral Zone*

= Connectivity =
(generated)


http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/dot/LAC.FD.HT.PV.dot.png

*Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* ||
|| [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPD FAM.FT.AM.MPD] || Medial Posterior Dorsal Amygdaloid Nucleus || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> HT.PV, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainAreaFMM FMM] || [BrainRegionFMM_FT_HF_SUBD FMM.FT.HF.SUBD] || Distal Subiculum || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR LAC.FD.HT.AR] || Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> PA)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM LAC.FD.HT.DM] || Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> PVH)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN LAC.FD.HT.LTN] || Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (LHA -> PVN)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO LAC.FD.HT.MPO] || Median Preoptic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> PA)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN LAC.FD.HT.SCN] || Suprachiasmatic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.expansion.html Food-entrainable circadian oscillator (SCN -> PVH)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM LAC.FD.HT.VM] || Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/302/2/R215 Glucose-sensing neural network (VMH -> PVH)] ||
|| [BrainAreaLMC LMC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || Ventral Tegmental Area || modulatory-da || uncertain ||[http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)] ||
|| [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL LPC.HL.SOL] || Solitary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||(unknown reference) ||

*Outbound Region Connections:*

|| *Target Area* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* ||
|| [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLAC_SC_CC_DCN LAC.SC.CC.DCN] || Dorsal Commissural Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC LAC.SC.IZ.CSC] || Ciliospinal Center || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Effect of light on pupil diameter (PVN -> IML)] ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS LAC.SC.IZ.SPS] || Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) ||
||  || [BrainRegionLAC_SC_LH_LSN LAC.SC.LH.LSN] || Lateral Spinal Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainAreaLMC LMC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF LPC.SC.VH.ONF] || Onuf's Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || (unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainAreaNDM NDM] || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_ROFCS NDM.NC.AL.ROFCS] || Sulcal Rostral Orbitofrontal Cortex || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (PVN -> OFC, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainAreaTEA TEA] || [BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE] || Endocrine Glands || endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin || (none) || [http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (HT.PV -> PUT)] ||

= Thirdparty Circuits =
(generated)

  * [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/images/dougherty/pdougherty4_3.jpg Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety] - see [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html Reference] (CP.SATIETY)

 ARC=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]
 DMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]
 LHA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]
 NTS=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]
 PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 VMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]
<img src="http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/images/dougherty/pdougherty4_3.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/31465/fnint-06-00094-r2/image_m/fnint-06-00094-g002.jpg Effect of light on pupil diameter] - see [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Reference] (CP.PUPIL-REFLEX)

 DMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]
 EW=[BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN]
 EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]
 GC=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG]
 IML=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center,LAC.SC.IZ.CSC]
 LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]
 OPN=[BrainRegionLRC_MM_PT_PON Pretectal Olivary Nucleus,LRC.MM.PT.PON]
 PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 RET=[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]
 SCG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.SCG]
 SCN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]
<img src="http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/31465/fnint-06-00094-r2/image_m/fnint-06-00094-g002.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/images/nrendo.2010.93-f1.jpg Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Reference] (CP.BOWELS)

 AMY=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]
 ARC=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]
 DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia])
 LHA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]
 ME=[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]
 NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia])
 NTS=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]
 OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex])
 PBN=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]
 PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 VMN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]
 VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]
<img src="http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/images/nrendo.2010.93-f1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://neuropolitics.org/connect-amygdala.jpg Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex] - see [http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Reference] (CF.AM-DISRUPTION)

 ACG=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area])
 AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]
 HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation])
 HT.L=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus])
 HT.PV=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 INS=[BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex,NC.INS]
 LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]
 MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex])
 PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]
 PB=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]
 PUT=[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]
 SOL=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]
 TH=Thalamus,FD.TH
<img src="http://neuropolitics.org/connect-amygdala.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://dkqlgfb5sk2dk.cloudfront.net/content/ajpregu/302/2/R215/F1.large.jpg Glucose-sensing neural network] - see [http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/302/2/R215 Reference] (CP.GLUCOSE)

 ARC=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]
 DMN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]
 LHA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]
 PVH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 VMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]
<img src="http://dkqlgfb5sk2dk.cloudfront.net/content/ajpregu/302/2/R215/F1.large.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.large.jpg Food-entrainable circadian oscillator] - see [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.expansion.html Reference] (CP.FOOD-OCSILLATOR)

 DMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]
 LH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]
 NTS=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]
 PBN=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]
 PVH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 SCN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]
<img src="http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.large.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=300>

  * [http://www.dana.org/uploadedImages/Images/Content_Images/SenBodyFunc2_PR2007_cont.jpg Eating and sleeping to survive] - see [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Reference] (CP.DMH-CYCLES)

 ARC=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]
 DMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]
 LHA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]
 MPO=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]
 PVH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 SCN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]
 VLPO=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]
 VMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]
<img src="http://www.dana.org/uploadedImages/Images/Content_Images/SenBodyFunc2_PR2007_cont.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference] (CM.ONUF)

 CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia])
 DVM=[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]
 IMG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_IMG Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG]
 IML=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML]
 LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]
 MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex])
 MPOA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]
 NBM=[BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM]
 ONF=[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF]
 PBN=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]
 PEL=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_PPG Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG]
 PU=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT]
 PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 SNC=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]
 SPS=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS]
 VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]
 ZI=[BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI]
<img src="http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">

  * [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/intrahypothalamic.png Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance] - see [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Reference] (CL.INTRAHYPOTHALAMIC)

 AH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.AH]
 ARC=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]
 DMN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM]
 LHA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]
 MPOA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]
 PA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]
 SCH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]
 SON=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO Supraoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SO]
 VMN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]
<img src="http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/intrahypothalamic.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">


= References =
(generated)

  * http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html
  * http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full
  * http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html
  * http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp
  * http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/302/2/R215
  * http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.expansion.html
  * http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217
  * http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders
  * http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf