#summary Neocortex Research
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<wiki:toc max_depth="2" />

= Biological Overview =

== Biological Hierarchy ==

  * [BiologicalHierarchyFull Full Biological Hierarchy]
  * [BiologicalHierarchyReduced Reduced Biological Hierarchy]

== Links to Common Terms ==

http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/top.jpg

  * head
   * sensors
   * sensor data tract
   * sensor control tract
   * brain
  * body (spinal cord)
   * effectors
   * body feeling components
   * body feeling data tract
   * body feeling modulation tract
   * effectors control tract
   * effectors feedback tract
   * effectors feeling tract

= Biological Model =

== Biological Module View ==

http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/modules.jpg

Modules are defined as follows:

<table border="1" cellspacing="5">
<tr>
<th>Module and allocated areas</th>
<th>Functions</th>
<th>Flows</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
*Head Sensors Area (HSA)*
</td>
<td>
  * *Owned Functions*
   * capture events from external world
   * capture static data from external world
   * expressing sensing behaviour
  * *Involved in Functions*
   * perceptions of various modalities
   * pay attention to selected area / overt attention
   * tracking objects / covert attention
   * saccadic perception / covert attention
</td>
<td>
  * *Inbound*
   * (External World) -> sensor data
   * PCA -> BSA -> low-level sensory control in perception
   * ACA -> BSA -> attention area selection
  * *Outbound*
   * sensory data -> BSA
   * perception control feedback -> THA -> PCA
   * attention sensor control feedback -> THA -> ACA
   * sensory state expression -> (External World)
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
*Thalamus Area (THA)*
  * diencephalon
   * thalamus
   * hypothalamus
  * limbic system
   * septal nuclei
</td>
<td>
  * *Owned Functions*
   * visceral control center of the body
   * relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
   * regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness
   * control memory, attention and alertness 
   * controller of theta rhythm
  * *Involved in Functions*
   * effector control system
   * perceptions of various modalities
   * cortical regulation of the thalamic activity
   * modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle
   * attention, planning, organization
   * abstract thinking, multi-tasking and active memory
</td>
<td>
  * *Relay*
   * BSA -> sensor data -> PCA
   * BSA -> sensor data (lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar) -> HCA
   * BSA -> perception (intralaminar) -> BGA
   * BSA -> cerebellum effector control feedback -> ACA
   * BSA -> body sensations -> ACA
   * BSA -> pain -> PCA
   * HCA -> alerts, (anterior/medial nuclei) -> ACA
   * BGA -> sensory data (ventral posterolateral/posteromedial nucleus) -> ACA
   * BGA -> striatum effector control feedback -> ACA
  * *Reciprocal*
   * PCA -> (medial nuclei) -> PCA
   * HCA -> (anterior nuclei) -> HCA
   * ACA -> (medial nuclei) -> ACA
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
*Anterior Cortex Area (ACA)*
  * frontal lobe
  * parietal lobe
   * primary somatosensory cortex
  * limbic system
   * cingulate cortex
    * anterior cingulate cortex
</td>
<td>
  * *Owned Functions*
   * self-consciousness / personality / identity
   * top-level complex planning / imagination
   * inhibition control
   * model of good ideal behaviour / morality
   * top-level patterned effector actions
   * cortex individual effector actions and sensor control
   * top-level error and conflict detection
   * guide task selection
   * monitor progress
   * basic sensations of the body
   * working memory
  * *Involved in Functions*
   * sensory integration
   * representing the affective value of reinforcers
   * decision-making   
</td>
<td>
  * *Inbound*
   * BGA -> THA -> sensory data
   * PCA -> perception data
   * HCA -> past experience
   * HCA -> reward signals (orbitomedial PFC)
   * BSA -> THA -> body senses
   * THA -> bioregulatory responses
  * *Outbound*
   * current converged sensory input (pcf) -> HCA
   * motor/behavioral commands -> PCA
   * reward, feedback to bias flow along expectation -> PCA
   * motor control -> BSA
   * anti-inhibitory emotional context -> BGA
   * inhibitory emotional context -> BGA
   * guidance of movement -> BGA
   * (premotor) -> THA
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
*Posterior Cortex Area (PCA)*
  * occipital lobe
  * parietal lobe
   * superior parietal lobule
   * inferior parietal lobule
   * intraparietal sulcus
   * general interpretation area
  * limbic system
   * cingulate cortex
    * posterior cingulate cortex
</td>
<td>
  * *Owned Functions*
   * body sensations relationships / body image
   * opinions
   * simple specific sensor spatial primitives
   * intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns
   * object representation from specific sensor
   * episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting
  * *Involved in Functions*
   * semantics
   * reading both in regards to meaning and phonology
   * guidance of limb and eye movement
</td>
<td>
  * *Inbound*
   * HSA -> BSA -> THA -> sensory data
   * HSA -> BSA -> THA -> sensory perception control feedback
   * HCA -> THA -> long-term memory sequences
   * BSA -> THA -> pain
   * ACA -> reward, feedback to bias flow along expectation
  * *Outbound*
   * sensory data -> HCA
   * associations -> THA -> ACA
   * guide saccadic perception -> BSA -> HSA
   * feelings -> ACA
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
*Hippocampus Area (HCA)*
  * temporal lobe
  * limbic system
   * hippocampus
   * fornix
</td>
<td>
  * *Owned Functions*
   * specific sensor perception and memory
   * working memory
   * autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories
   * formation and storing spatial declarative memory
   * encoding and recognition of scenes, spatial relations
   * detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding
   * distinguishing multiple instances of similar events, multiple visits to the same location
   * emotional and affective state
   * distinguishing stress and depression
   * assigning stimuli to categorical classes
   * habits, visceral sensations
  * *Involved in Functions*
   * memory consolidation
   * memory optimization in sleep
   * recognition and identification of environmental stimuli
</td>
<td>
  * *Inbound*
   * PCA -> primary and secondary sensory perception
   * PCA -> polymodal/associative sensory perception
   * ACA -> converged sensory input
   * BSA -> sensory input (hierarchical sensory pathway)
   * THA -> emotional stimulus
   * THA -> modulatory inputs
   * THA (septum) -> (fornix) -> initiation of hippocampal thata-rithm
  * *Outbound*
   * sensory association -> BGA
   * reward signals -> ACA
   * past experience -> ACA
   * mismatch signal (to raise ACh in HC to facilitate encoding) -> THA (septum)
   * match signal (to attenuate ACh in HC to facilitate retrieval) -> THA (septum)
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
*Basal Ganglia Area (BGA)*
  * limbic system
   * basal ganglia
   * amygdala
</td>
<td>
  * *Owned Functions*
   * starting, stopping and monitoring movement
   * inhibit unnecessary movement
   * planning and modulation of actions, regulate actions
   * reward, pleasure, addiction, fear
   * reward and incentive motivation
   * acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy
   * mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli
   * action selection
   * block slow thinking
   * quick threat assessment
   * signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli
  * *Involved in Functions*
   * learning and memory system
   * influence various types of learning
</td>
<td>
  * *Inbound*
   * ACA -> anti-inhibitory emotional context
   * ACA -> inhibitory emotional context
   * HCA -> sensory association
  * *Outbound*
   * regulation -> ACA
   * cognition -> ACA
   * instant actions -> BSA
   * sensory data (auditory, dorsal auditory pathway) -> PCA
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
*Brain Stem Area (BSA)*
  * brain stem
  * cerebellum
</td>
<td>
  * *Owned Functions*
   * autonomic behavior, autonomic, involuntary functions
   * integrate sensors and effectors for precise timing of actions
   * maintain wakefulness and attention
   * modulation of outbound effectors information
   * preliminary specific sensor processing
   * complex actions, sequential thinking
   * attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing
   * inhibits neuronal maturation
  * *Involved in Functions*
   * control of specific sensor
   * many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways
   * sensor control, effector planning
   * reward seeking, learning, and addiction
   * sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions
   * control actions power and coordination of multiple actions
   * control cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions
   * planning actions
</td>
<td>
  * *Inbound*
   * TBD
  * *Outbound*
   * TBD
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
*Spinal Cord Area (SCA)* (Body)
  * spinal cord
  * (peripheral nervous system)
</td>
<td>
  * *Owned Functions*
   * body feeling
   * affect general body state
   * generating proprioceptive information
   * conveys inconscient proprioceptive information
  * *Involved in Functions*
   * activate effectors
   * distal effector actions
</td>
<td>
  * *Inbound*
   * TBD
  * *Outbound*
   * TBD
</td>
</tr>
</table>

== Biological Paths ==

  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_fasciculus neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway sensory pathway transmitting fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebral cortex]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_spinothalamic_tract sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord and transmitting pain, temperature, itch and crude touch to the thalamus]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract pathway arising from motor area of the cerebral cortex and controlling movement of ipsilateral limbs]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract pathway, conducting voluntary motor impulses from primary motor cortex to the motor centers of the cord]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract pathway connecting the cerebral cortex to the medulla in brainstem, controlling muscles of the face, head and neck]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum pathway connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitating interhemispheric communication]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocortical_pathway pathway connecting ventral tegmentum to frontal cerebral cortex, involved in motivation and emotional response]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway pathway begins in midbrain and connects to striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway pathway connecting substantia nigra with striatum, involved in production of movement]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway intra-hypothalamus pathway, involved in regulation of lactation, menstrual cycle, vision, blood flow and sexual functions]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_stream ventral stream travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_stream dorsal stream stretches from the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe forward into the parietal lobe]
  * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papez_circuit Papez circuit, one of major pathways of limbic system and is involved in cortical control of emotion]


= Biological Life Pictures =

Operating of the mind as a whole. Mind parts.

  * [http://www.humanneurophysiology.com/imageshypothalami/fig-12.gif From Cortex to Old Brain]

http://www.humanneurophysiology.com/imageshypothalami/fig-12.gif