#summary Hypothalamus
@@[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainCenterFD_HT]
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This page covers biological details of component group Hypothalamus.
Component group is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.
* *Top-down path to center*: Forebrain Diencephalon -> Hypothalamus (FD.HT) (see [OverallMindMaps Mind Maps])
* *Function*:
(generated)
= Components =
(generated)
*Component items*:
* *Mammillary Body* (FD.MB)
* [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB Lateral Mammillary Nucleus] (FMM.FD.MB.LMB): Generate theta rythm and relay to HC
* [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB Medial Mammillary Nucleus] (FMM.FD.MB.MMB): Relay for impulses coming from AM and HC
* *Anterior Hypothalamus Area* (LAC.FD.HT.AHT)
* *Chiasmatic Area* (LAC.FD.HT.CHS)
* *Preoptic Nucleus* (LAC.FD.HT.PO): Regulates release of gonadotropic hormones, sexual differentiation
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.MPO): generates thirst
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VLPO): mediates non-REM sleep onset
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO Supraoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.SO): Blood volume or blood pressure, vasopressin release
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.SCN): Regulate the circadian cycle, 24-hour rhythms
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_RCH Retrochiasmatic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.RCH): Maintenance of normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function
* *Tuberal Area* (LAC.FD.HT.TUB)
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PV): Regulate appetite and autonomic functions
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.AH): Thermoregulation, panting, sweating
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VM): Satiety, control of eating
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus] (LAC.FD.HT.AR): Regulation of growth, appetite and body weight
* *Posterior Hypothalamic Area* (LAC.FD.HT.POS): Blood pressure, pupillary dilation
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.DM): Blood pressure, heart rate
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PN Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PN): Blood pressure, pupillary dilation
* *Lateral Hypothalamic Area* (LAC.FD.HT.LT): Thirst and hunger
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.LTN): feeding center
* *Lateral Tuberal Nuclei* (LAC.FD.HT.LTUB)
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM Supramammillary Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.SUM): control hippocampal plasticity, determine frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_TBM Tuberomammillary Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.TBM): sole source of histamine in the brain
* [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM Premammillary Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PRM): expression of fear responses to environmental threats
= Connectivity =
(generated)
*Internal Regions Connections:*
|| *Source Region* || *Target Region* || *Reference* ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.AH) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.DM) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (AH -> DMN)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM Premammillary Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PRM) || (unknown reference) ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VM) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (AH -> VMN)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus] (LAC.FD.HT.AR) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.DM) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> DMN)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.LTN) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> LHA)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PV) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (ARC -> PA)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VM) || [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (ARC -> VMH)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.DM) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.LTN) || [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> LHA)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.MPO) || [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> MPO)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PV) || [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> PVH)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VLPO) || [http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44217 Eating and sleeping to survive (DMH -> VLPO)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.LTN) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PV) || [http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter04.html Schematic of hypothalamic circuitry underlying satiety (LHA -> PVN)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.MPO) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.AH) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> AH)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PV) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> PA)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SO Supraoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.SO) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (MPOA -> SON)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM Premammillary Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PRM) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.MPO) || (unknown reference) ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VM) || (unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.SCN) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.DM) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (SCH -> DMN)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.MPO) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (SCH -> MPOA)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PV) || [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.expansion.html Food-entrainable circadian oscillator (SCN -> PVH)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VLPO) || (unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM Supramammillary Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.SUM) || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB Lateral Mammillary Nucleus] (FMM.FD.MB.LMB) || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (SupraMM -> LMB)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_TBM Tuberomammillary Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.TBM) || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB Medial Mammillary Nucleus] (FMM.FD.MB.MMB) || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (TuberoMM -> MMB, abstract)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VLPO) || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n10/fig_tab/nn913_F1.html Simplified NREM sleep-promoting pathway (TMN -> VLPO)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VLPO) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM Supramammillary Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.SUM) || (unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VM) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.DM) || [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.2314rep=rep1type=pdf Intrahypothalamic connections important for neural control of food intake and energy balance (VMN -> DMN)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.LTN) || [http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/302/2/R215 Glucose-sensing neural network (VMH -> LHA)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.PV) || [http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/302/2/R215 Glucose-sensing neural network (VMH -> PVH)] ||
|| || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus] (LAC.FD.HT.VLPO) || (unknown reference) ||
*External Connections:*
*External Inbound Center Connections:*
|| *Source Center* || *Sample Link* || *Reference* ||
|| [BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala] (FAM.FT.AM) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP FAM.FT.AM.BP] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM LAC.FD.HT.DM]||[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Role for serotonin in moral behavior (AMY -> HYP, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei] (FAM.FT.SEP) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_MED FAM.FT.SEP.MED] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB]||[http://www.thebrainlabs.com Cingulate Gyrus (SEP -> HT, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus] (FD.TH.CR) || [BrainRegionNDM_FD_TH_PV NDM.FD.TH.PV] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO LAC.FD.HT.MPO]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia] (FEC.FT.BG) || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH FEC.FT.ACC.SH] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN LAC.FD.HT.LTN]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation] (FMM.FT.HF) || [BrainRegionFMM_FT_HF_SUBP FMM.FT.HF.SUBP] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB]||[http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0071402357/156721/figure350_1.html Principal Connections of Hippocampus (HC -> MB, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainCenterFMM_NC_PHA_RS Retrosubicular Area] (FMM.NC.PHA.RS) || [BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_POS FMM.NC.PH.POS] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB]||[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells Head Direction Cell Circuit (PSUB -> LMB)] ||
|| [BrainCenterHL_MN Myelencephalic Motor Nuclei] (HL.MN) || [BrainRegionLRC_HL_INM LRC.HL.INM] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PN LAC.FD.HT.PN]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei] (HL.SN) || [BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL LPC.HL.SOL] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM LAC.FD.HT.DM]||[http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.expansion.html Food-entrainable circadian oscillator (NTS -> DMH)] ||
|| [BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation] (HT.RF) || [BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB LPC.HT.PRF.PB] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM LAC.FD.HT.DM]||[http://www.pnas.org/content/103/32/12150/F7.expansion.html Food-entrainable circadian oscillator (PBN -> DMH)] ||
|| [BrainCenterHT_TG Pontine Tegmental Nuclei] (HT.TG) || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB]||[http://ahuman.org/svn/ahengine/research/articles/2009-Hippocampus-Thesis.pdf Hippocampal Formation (DTN -> LMam)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus] (LMC.HT.LC) || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]||[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n10/fig_tab/nn913_F1.html Simplified NREM sleep-promoting pathway (LC -> VLPO)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area] (LMC.MM.VTA) || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB]||[http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT Retinal Nucleus] (LPC.FD.RT) || [BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT LPC.FD.RT] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN LAC.FD.HT.SCN]||[http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Effect of light on pupil diameter (RET -> SCN)] ||
|| [BrainCenterMM_RF Mesencephalic Reticular Formation] (MM.RF) || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC LMC.MM.RP.SUC] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area] (NC.ACG) || [BrainRegionNCP_NC_AL_SGCG NCP.NC.AL.SGCG] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AH LAC.FD.HT.AH]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex] (NC.AL.OMPFC) || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC NDM.NC.AL.FPC] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_RCH LAC.FD.HT.RCH]||[https://www.google.ru/search?hl=rutbo=ptbm=bksq=isbn:0080887988 Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (OPFC -> HT, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex] (NC.PHA.RH) || [BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_MEC FMM.NC.PH.MEC] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB]||[http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (MedialEC -> MMB, abstract)] ||
*External Outbound Center Connections:*
|| *Target Center* || *Sample Link* || *Reference* ||
|| [BrainCenterAVA_SC_CC Central canal] (AVA.SC.CC) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV LAC.FD.HT.PV] -> [BrainRegionLAC_SC_CC_DCN LAC.SC.CC.DCN]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterBMA_SC_LH Lateral Horn/Funiculus] (BMA.SC.LH) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV LAC.FD.HT.PV] -> [BrainRegionLAC_SC_LH_LSN LAC.SC.LH.LSN]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB Habenula] (FAM.FD.HB) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN LAC.FD.HT.LTN] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT FAM.FD.LHB.LT]||[http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection (LHT -> LHbL)] ||
|| [BrainCenterFAM_FT_CEAM Central Extended Amygdala] (FAM.FT.CEAM) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM LAC.FD.HT.VM] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST FAM.FT.BNST]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei] (FAM.FT.SEP) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PN LAC.FD.HT.PN] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_LT FAM.FT.SEP.LT]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus] (FD.TH.CR) || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AD FMM.FD.TH.AD]||[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells Head Direction Cell Circuit (LMB -> AD)] ||
|| [BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA Subthalamus Area] (FEC.FD.STA) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM LAC.FD.HT.VM] -> [BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD FEC.FD.STN.CD]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia] (FEC.FT.BG) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM LAC.FD.HT.VM] -> [BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH FEC.FT.ACC.SH]||[http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VMN -> NAc, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation] (FMM.FT.HF) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PN LAC.FD.HT.PN] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_CA3P FMM.FT.HC.CA3P]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterFT_OLF Olfactory Nuclei] (FT.OLF) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_TBM LAC.FD.HT.TBM] -> [BrainRegionLPC_FT_MOB LPC.FT.MOB]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterHL_RF Medullary Reticular Formation] (HL.RF) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN LAC.FD.HT.LTN] -> [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei] (HL.SN) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM LAC.FD.HT.VM] -> [BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL LPC.HL.SOL]||[http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VMN -> NTS)] ||
|| [BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation] (HT.RF) || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB] -> [BrainRegionLLC_HT_PRF_RTMG LLC.HT.PRF.RTMG]||[http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/mb.jpg Mammillary Body (LMB -> RTG)] ||
|| [BrainCenterHT_SN Metencephalic Sensory Nuclei] (HT.SN) || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB] -> [BrainRegionLLC_HT_PN_RSP LLC.HT.PN.RSP]||[https://www.google.ru/search?hl=rutbo=ptbm=bksq=isbn:0080887988 Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (HT -> PN, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainCenterHT_TG Pontine Tegmental Nuclei] (HT.TG) || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB] -> [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT]||[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells Head Direction Cell Circuit (LMB -> DTN)] ||
|| [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus] (LMC.HT.LC) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM LAC.FD.HT.DM] -> [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC]||[http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Effect of light on pupil diameter (DMH -> LC)] ||
|| [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon] (MM.REF) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN LAC.FD.HT.SCN] -> [BrainRegionLRC_MM_PT_NOT LRC.MM.PT.NOT]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex] (NC.AL.OMPFC) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN LAC.FD.HT.LTN] -> [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_ROFCS NDM.NC.AL.ROFCS]||[http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (LHA -> OFC, abstract)] ||
|| [BrainCenterSC_IZ Intermediate Zone] (SC.IZ) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PN LAC.FD.HT.PN] -> [BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC LAC.SC.IZ.CSC]||[http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v71/n3/fig_tab/pr201138f1.html Sympathetic and parasympathetic eye pathways (PHT -> CC)] ||
|| [BrainCenterSC_VH Anterior/Ventral Horn] (SC.VH) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV LAC.FD.HT.PV] -> [BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF LPC.SC.VH.ONF]||(unknown reference) ||
|| [BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands] (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE) || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR LAC.FD.HT.AR] -> [BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]||(unknown reference) ||