#summary Amygdala @@[Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM] ---- This page covers biological details of component group Amygdala. Component group is part of aHuman target integrated biological model. * *Top-down path to center*: Forebrain Telencephalon -> Extended Amygdala (FAM.FT.EXTAM) -> Amygdala (FAM.FT.AM) (see [OverallMindMaps Mind Maps]) * *Function*: Experiencing and recognizing emotions (generated) = Components = (generated) *Component items*: * *Basolateral Nuclear Complex* (FAM.FT.AM.BL): stimulating emotional response * *Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus* (FAM.FT.AM.LA): plasticity, conditional (neutral stimulus) to specific (taste, smell, visceral) unconditional (positive or negative stimulus) association * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LADL Dorsolateral Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.LADL): conditional stimulus input - high-aggregated visual, auditory and somatic, patterns of perception * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LAVL Ventrolateral Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.LAVL): unconditional stimulus input - visual, auditory and somatic, convergence from thalamus * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LAVM Ventromedial Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.LAVM): conditional and unconditional convergence to affect polymodal memory formation * *Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus* (FAM.FT.AM.B): enhance explicit memories in hippocampus about emotional situations * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.BP): enhance explicit memories in hippocampus about emotional situations * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.BM): enhance emotional memories memories in medial prefrontal cortex * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.AB): enhance assotiative memory formation * *Corticomedial Nuclear Complex* (FAM.FT.AM.CTM) * *Cortical Amygdaloid Nucleus* (FAM.FT.AM.CO): olfactory processing * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_COA Anterior Cortical Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.COA): olfactory processing - conditional contextual signaling * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_COP Posterior Cortical Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.COP): olfactory processing - unconditional signaling * *Centromedial Nuclei* (FAM.FT.AM.CM): attention and arousal * *Central Amygdala* (FAM.FT.AM.CEA): mediate behavioral responses, link to general aspects of reinforcement; responses to fear stimuli; directing attention and behaviors when salience of competing stimuli is in flux * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision] (FAM.FT.AM.CEC): mediate behavioral responses, link to striatal effect * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEL Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, lateral subdivision] (FAM.FT.AM.CEL): mediate behavioral responses, link to gustatory and visceral aspects of reinforcement * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.CEM): mediate behavioral responses, output projections * *Medial Amygdala* (FAM.FT.AM.M): sense of smell and pheromone-processing * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MEA Medial Anterior Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MEA): olfactory processing * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPD Medial Posterior Dorsal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MPD): reproductive behavior * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPV Medial Posterior Ventral Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MPV): defensive behavior * [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_ITC Intercalated Amygdaloid Nuclei] (FAM.FT.AM.ITC): inhibit excessive emotional behavior = Connectivity = (generated) *Internal Regions Connections:* unavailable || *Source Region* || *Target Region* || *Reference* || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.AB) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.CEM) || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2014.00068/full Summary of the main extra-amygdaloid and intra-amygdaloid connections in the rat (AB -> CE, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPD Medial Posterior Dorsal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MPD) || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2014.00068/full Summary of the main extra-amygdaloid and intra-amygdaloid connections in the rat (AB -> M, abstract)] || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.BM) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_ITC Intercalated Amygdaloid Nuclei] (FAM.FT.AM.ITC) || (unknown reference) || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.BP) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.BM) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.CEM) || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (BLN -> CEA, abstract)] || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision] (FAM.FT.AM.CEC) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.CEM) || (unknown reference) || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEL Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, lateral subdivision] (FAM.FT.AM.CEL) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.CEM) || (unknown reference) || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_COA Anterior Cortical Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.COA) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.AB) || (unknown reference) || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_COP Posterior Cortical Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.COP) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MEA Medial Anterior Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MEA) || (unknown reference) || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_ITC Intercalated Amygdaloid Nuclei] (FAM.FT.AM.ITC) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.CEM) || (unknown reference) || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LADL Dorsolateral Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.LADL) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.AB) || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2014.00068/full Summary of the main extra-amygdaloid and intra-amygdaloid connections in the rat (L -> AB, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.BP) || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (LA -> BLN, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision] (FAM.FT.AM.CEC) || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (LA -> CEA, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_ITC Intercalated Amygdaloid Nuclei] (FAM.FT.AM.ITC) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LAVM Ventromedial Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.LAVM) || (unknown reference) || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LAVL Ventrolateral Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.LAVL) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.BP) || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (LA -> BLN, abstract)] || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LAVM Ventromedial Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.LAVM) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.AB) || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2014.00068/full Summary of the main extra-amygdaloid and intra-amygdaloid connections in the rat (L -> AB, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPV Medial Posterior Ventral Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MPV) || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2014.00068/full Summary of the main extra-amygdaloid and intra-amygdaloid connections in the rat (L -> M, abstract)] || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MEA Medial Anterior Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MEA) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.CEM) || [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_04/i_04_cl/i_04_cl_peu/i_04_cl_peu.html Body alarm system (MED -> CE, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPD Medial Posterior Dorsal Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MPD) || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_MPV Medial Posterior Ventral Amygdaloid Nucleus] (FAM.FT.AM.MPV) || (unknown reference) || *External Connections:* unavailable *External Inbound Center Connections:* || *Source Center* || *Sample Link* || *Reference* || || [BrainCenterFAM_FT_CEAM Central Extended Amygdala] (FAM.FT.CEAM) || [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM FAM.FT.AM.BM]||(unknown reference) || || [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus] (FD.TH.CR) || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_TH_PT FAM.FD.TH.PT] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LAVL FAM.FT.AM.LAVL]||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (TH -> AM, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterFD_TH_SR Sensory Thalamus] (FD.TH.SR) || [BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB NSA.FD.TH.MGB] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LADL FAM.FT.AM.LADL]||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (TH -> AM, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia] (FEC.FT.BG) || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_MED FEC.FT.SNC.MED] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM]||(unknown reference) || || [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation] (FMM.FT.HF) || [BrainRegionFMM_FT_HF_SUBP FMM.FT.HF.SUBP] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB]||[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030100820900183X Simplified model of hippocampal formation anatomy (SUB -> Amyg, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterFT_OLF Olfactory Nuclei] (FT.OLF) || [BrainRegionLPC_FT_MOB LPC.FT.MOB] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_COA FAM.FT.AM.COA]||(unknown reference) || || [BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation] (HT.RF) || [BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB LPC.HT.PRF.PB] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEL FAM.FT.AM.CEL]||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (PB -> AM, abstract)] || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area] (LMC.MM.VTA) || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC FAM.FT.AM.CEC]||[http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area] (NC.ACG) || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG NDM.NC.AL.DACG] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP FAM.FT.AM.BP]||[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Role for serotonin in moral behavior (ACG -> AMY, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex] (NC.AL.OMPFC) || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC NDM.NC.AL.FPC] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM FAM.FT.AM.BM]||[http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (OFC -> AMY, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex] (NC.INS) || [BrainRegionNCP_NC_INS_PIC NCP.NC.INS.PIC] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM FAM.FT.AM.BM]||[http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n7/fig_tab/nrn3516_F2.html Afferent pain pathways (Insula -> AMY, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex] (NC.PHA.RH) || [BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_LEC FMM.NC.PH.LEC] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB]||[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030100820900183X Simplified model of hippocampal formation anatomy (EC -> Amyg, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNC_PO Parietal Operculum] (NC.PO) || [BrainRegionNCP_NC_PO_PCC NCP.NC.PO.PCC] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEL FAM.FT.AM.CEL]||(unknown reference) || || [BrainCenterNC_STG Superior Temporal Gyrus] (NC.STG) || [BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3 NSA.NC.STG.A3] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LAVM FAM.FT.AM.LAVM]||[http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (STC -> LA, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNSA_NC_IT Inferotemporal Area] (NSA.NC.IT) || [BrainRegionNSA_NC_IT_TE NSA.NC.IT.TE] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LADL FAM.FT.AM.LADL]||[http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (ITC -> LA, abstract)] || *External Outbound Center Connections:* || *Target Center* || *Sample Link* || *Reference* || || [BrainCenterFAM_FT_CEAM Central Extended Amygdala] (FAM.FT.CEAM) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB] -> [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM]||(unknown reference) || || [BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei] (FAM.FT.SEP) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM] -> [BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_LT FAM.FT.SEP.LT]||(unknown reference) || || [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus] (FD.HT) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP FAM.FT.AM.BP] -> [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM LAC.FD.HT.DM]||[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/40/17071/F1.expansion.html Role for serotonin in moral behavior (AMY -> HYP, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus] (FD.TH.CR) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB] -> [BrainRegionNDM_FD_TH_MDM NDM.FD.TH.MDM]||[https://www.google.ru/search?hl=rutbo=ptbm=bksq=isbn:0080887988 Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in emotional behavior (AM -> TH, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia] (FEC.FT.BG) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB] -> [BrainRegionFEC_FT_CN_TL FEC.FT.CN.TL]||(unknown reference) || || [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation] (FMM.FT.HF) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB] -> [BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_CA1P FMM.FT.HC.CA1P]||[https://books.google.ru/books?id=P3fSBwAAQBAJ Detailed amygdalohippocampal projections (ABmg -> CA1P)] || || [BrainCenterFMM_NC_PHA_RS Retrosubicular Area] (FMM.NC.PHA.RS) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP FAM.FT.AM.BP] -> [BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_PAS FMM.NC.PH.PAS]||[https://books.google.ru/books?id=P3fSBwAAQBAJ Detailed amygdalohippocampal projections (Bpc -> PaS)] || || [BrainCenterHL_PSN Myelencephalic Parasympathetic Nuclei] (HL.PSN) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM] -> [BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN LAC.HL.VGN]||[http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (CEA -> VGDM, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterHL_SN Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei] (HL.SN) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEL FAM.FT.AM.CEL] -> [BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL LPC.HL.SOL]||(unknown reference) || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus] (LMC.HT.LC) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM] -> [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC]||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> LC, abstract)] || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter] (LMC.MM.PAG) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM] -> [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG]||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> PAG, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon] (MM.REF) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_LAVM FAM.FT.AM.LAVM] -> [BrainRegionLPC_MM_CIC LPC.MM.CIC]||[http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AM -> IC, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area] (NC.ACG) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB] -> [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG NDM.NC.AL.DACG]||[http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> ACG, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNC_MPL Medial Parietal Lobule] (NC.MPL) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM FAM.FT.AM.BM] -> [BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG]||[http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 Oculomotor decision-making (AMYG -> CGp, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex] (NC.PHA.RH) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP FAM.FT.AM.BP] -> [BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_LEC FMM.NC.PH.LEC]||[http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0071402357/156721/figure350_1.html Principal Connections of Hippocampus (AM -> EC, abstract)] || || [BrainCenterNSA_NC_TTG Transverse Temporal Gyrus] (NSA.NC.TTG) || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM FAM.FT.AM.BM] -> [BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1 NSA.NC.TTG.A1]||[http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AM -> AC, abstract)] ||