#summary Modulatory Contol Area [Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BrainAreaLMC] ---- = Local Circuits = (generated) || *ID* || *Name* || *Regions* || *Quality* || || 5HT || Serotonin - Feelings of Well-Being and Happiness || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG], [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_OB LMC.HL.RP.OB], [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_PL LMC.HL.RP.PL], [BrainRegionLMC_HP_RP_LI LMC.HP.RP.LI], [BrainRegionLMC_HP_RP_PRN LMC.HP.RP.PRN], [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN LMC.MM.RP.DRN], [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC LMC.MM.RP.SUC] || L0 || || ACH || Acetylcholine - PNS Actions and CNS plasticity, arousal and reward || [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM], [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT], [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN LMC.HT.TG.PPN] || L0 || || DA || Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || L0 || || ENK || Enkephalin - Regulating Nociception in Body || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || L0 || || NE || Norepinephrine - Vigilant Concentration, Stress Hormone, Fight-or-Flight Response || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || L0 || == Serotonin - Feelings of Well-Being and Happiness == unavailable || *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || *Quality* || || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Inhibit head and spinal pain || || L0 || || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_OB LMC.HL.RP.OB] || Raphe Obscurus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulate cardiovascular function via sympathetic spinal column || || L0 || || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_PL LMC.HL.RP.PL] || Raphe Pallidus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Spinal pain control || || L0 || || [BrainRegionLMC_HP_RP_LI LMC.HP.RP.LI] || Raphe Nucleus Linearis || nucleus || LUS || Release of 5-HT was only obtained on stimulation of this nucleus || || L0 || || [BrainRegionLMC_HP_RP_PRN LMC.HP.RP.PRN] || Pontine Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulation of sleep cycle || || L0 || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN LMC.MM.RP.DRN] || Dorsal Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulation of sleep and mood || || L0 || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC LMC.MM.RP.SUC] || Superior Central Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Block or temporarily suspend mnemonic processes in the hippocampus;
Hallucinations || || L0 || *Internal Region Connections:* || *Source Region* || *Target Region* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || [BrainRegionLMC_HP_RP_LI LMC.HP.RP.LI] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN LMC.MM.RP.DRN] || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || *External Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> MRN, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN LMC.MM.RP.DRN] || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> DRN)] || || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC LMC.MM.RP.SUC] || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Habenula Connections (LHb -> MR, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD FEC.HT.TG.IPD] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Connectivity map of the habenula (IPN -> Raphe, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG FEC.HT.TG.RMTG] || Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (RMTg -> MRN, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN LMC.MM.RP.DRN] || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD FEC.HT.TG.IPD] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> DRN)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG FEC.HT.TG.RMTG] || Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (RMTg -> DRN)] || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN LAC.FD.HT.LTN] || Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV LAC.FD.HT.PV] || Paraventricular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_OB LMC.HL.RP.OB] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO LAC.FD.HT.MPO] || Median Preoptic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLLC LLC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN LMC.MM.RP.DRN] || [BrainRegionLLC_FD_TH_SF LLC.FD.TH.SF] || Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLMC LMC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Connectivity map of the habenula (PAG -> Raphe, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_PL LMC.HL.RP.PL] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Connectivity map of the habenula (PAG -> Raphe, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaLRC LRC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || [BrainRegionLRC_MM_SCNF LRC.MM.SCNF] || Subcuneiform Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HP_RP_PRN LMC.HP.RP.PRN] || [BrainRegionLRC_MM_SCNF LRC.MM.SCNF] || Subcuneiform Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || *External Outbound Region Connections:* || *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaNDM NDM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN LMC.MM.RP.DRN] || [BrainRegionNDM_FD_TH_PV NDM.FD.TH.PV] || Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC LMC.MM.RP.SUC] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_LT FAM.FT.SEP.LT] || Lateral Septal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC LMC.MM.RP.SUC] || [BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_ICD FEC.FD.STN.ICD] || Subthalamic Nucleus Internal Caudal || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaFMM FMM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC LMC.MM.RP.SUC] || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB] || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC LMC.MM.RP.SUC] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PN LAC.FD.HT.PN] || Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM LAC.FD.HT.SUM] || Supramammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLLC LLC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_OB LMC.HL.RP.OB] || [BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_PV LLC.HT.CR.PV] || Cerebellar Paravermis || nucleus-allocortex-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HP_RP_PRN LMC.HP.RP.PRN] || [BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_PV LLC.HT.CR.PV] || Cerebellar Paravermis || nucleus-allocortex-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_LSG LPC.SC.PH.LSG] || Lower Substantia Gelatinosa || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_USG LPC.SC.PH.USG] || Upper Substantia Gelatinosa || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_OB LMC.HL.RP.OB] || [BrainRegionLPC_SC_IZ_IMM LPC.SC.IZ.IMM] || Intermediomedial Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_PL LMC.HL.RP.PL] || [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_LMG LPC.SC.PH.LMG] || Lower Marginal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_UMG LPC.SC.PH.UMG] || Upper Marginal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || uncertain || (unknown reference) || == Acetylcholine - PNS Actions and CNS plasticity, arousal and reward == unavailable || *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || *Quality* || || [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM] || Basal Nucleus of Meynert || nucleus || FAU || Control imagination vs perception || || L0 || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Modulating sustained attention or in mediating alerting responses || || L0 || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN LMC.HT.TG.PPN] || Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei || nucleus || LUS || Provide sensory feedback to cerebral cortex; modulatory || || L0 || *Internal Region Connections:* * no connections *External Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaNSA NSA] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_SG NSA.FD.TH.SG] || Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB] || Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP FAM.FT.AM.BP] || Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM] || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST FAM.FT.BNST] || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection (LHbM -> DTG)] || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM] || [BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD FEC.FD.STN.CD] || Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH FEC.FT.ACC.SH] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || [http://www.expertsmind.com/topic/emotion/affective-basal-ganglia-circuit-93570.aspx Affective basal ganglia circuit (NACC -> nBM, abstract)] || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD FEC.HT.TG.IPD] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells Head Direction Cell Circuit (IPD -> DTN)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG FEC.HT.TG.RMTG] || Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN LMC.HT.TG.PPN] || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_VP_VM FEC.FT.VP.VM] || Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VPAL -> PPTG, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaFMM FMM] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB] || Lateral Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells Head Direction Cell Circuit (LMB -> DTN)] || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO LAC.FD.HT.VLPO] || Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n10/fig_tab/nn913_F1.html Simplified NREM sleep-promoting pathway (VLPO -> LDTg)] || || [BrainAreaLRC LRC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionLRC_HL_NPH LRC.HL.NPH] || Prepositus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || *External Outbound Region Connections:* || *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaNDM NDM] || [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM] || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC NDM.NC.AL.FPC] || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-ACh || uncertain || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (NBM -> MPFC, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaNSA NSA] || [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM] || [BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_V1 NSA.NC.OCC.V1] || Primary Visual Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-ACh || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_SG NSA.FD.TH.SG] || Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells Head Direction Cell Circuit (DTN -> SUPGEN)] || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN LMC.HT.TG.PPN] || [BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN NSA.FD.LGN] || Lateral Geniculate Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths (PPN -> LGN)] || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM FAM.FT.AM.BM] || Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD FEC.HT.TG.IPD] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN LMC.HT.TG.PPN] || [BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_MED FEC.FD.STN.MED] || Subthalamic Nucleus Medial || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey (PPN -> STN, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL FEC.FT.SNR.DL] || Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey (PPN -> SNr, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaFMM FMM] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB] || Lateral Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://ahuman.org/svn/ahengine/research/articles/2009-Hippocampus-Thesis.pdf Hippocampal Formation (DTN -> LMam)] || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL LAC.HL.SAL.ISL] || Inferior Salivatory Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL LAC.HL.SAL.SSL] || Superior Salivatory Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLRC LRC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT LMC.HT.TG.LDT] || [BrainRegionLRC_HL_NPH LRC.HL.NPH] || Prepositus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells Head Direction Cell Circuit (DTN -> NPRP)] || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN LMC.HT.TG.PPN] || [BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_INT LRC.MM.SC.INT] || Intermediate Superior Colliculus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths (PPN -> SC, abstract)] || == Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness == unavailable || *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || *Quality* || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || Ventral Tegmental Area || nucleus || LUS || Respond to novel stimuli, unexpected rewards, and reward predictive sensory cues || || L0 || *Internal Region Connections:* * no connections *External Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> VTA)] || || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST FAM.FT.BNST] || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_CORE FEC.FT.ACC.CORE] || Nucleus Accumbens Core || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_VP_VM FEC.FT.VP.VM] || Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Craving (VPAL -> VTA, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD FEC.HT.TG.IPD] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> VTA)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG FEC.HT.TG.RMTG] || Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || uncertain || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (RMTG -> VTA)] || || [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || [BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL LPC.HL.SOL] || Solitary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (NTS -> VTA)] || *External Outbound Region Connections:* || *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaNDM NDM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG NDM.NC.AL.DACG] || Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area || nucleus-neocortex-DA || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC NDM.NC.AL.FPC] || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-DA || uncertain || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (VTA -> MPFC, abstract)] || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC FAM.FT.AM.CEC] || Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision || nucleus-nucleus-DA || uncertain || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH FEC.FT.ACC.SH] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || nucleus-nucleus-DA || uncertain || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Craving (VTA -> NACC, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT FEC.FT.PU.LT] || Dorsal Putamen Lateral || nucleus-nucleus-DA || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VTA -> DS, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_MED FEC.FT.PU.MED] || Dorsal Putamen Medial || nucleus-nucleus-DA || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VTA -> DS, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaFMM FMM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || [BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB] || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)] || || || || [BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_CA1D FMM.FT.HC.CA1D] || Distal CA1 of Hippocampus || nucleus-allocortex-DA || uncertain || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> HC, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_LEC FMM.NC.PH.LEC] || Lateral Entorhinal Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-DA || uncertain || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VTA -> EC, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM LAC.FD.HT.PRM] || Premammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV LAC.FD.HT.PV] || Paraventricular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || uncertain || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)] || == Enkephalin - Regulating Nociception in Body == unavailable || *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || *Quality* || || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus || LUS || Descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour || || L0 || *Internal Region Connections:* * no connections *External Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaNCP NCP] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionNCP_NC_AL_SGCG NCP.NC.AL.SGCG] || Subgenual Cingulate Cortex || neocortex-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM] || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> PAG, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD FEC.HT.TG.IPD] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || uncertain || [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Connectivity map of the habenula (IPN -> PAG)] || *External Outbound Region Connections:* || *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaNDM NDM] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionNDM_FD_TH_PV NDM.FD.TH.PV] || Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionLAC_HT_BR LAC.HT.BR] || Barrington's Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || [http://jp.physoc.org/content/557/1/287/F9.expansion.html Schematic overview of spinobulbospinal micturition reflex pathway (PAG -> BAR)] || || [BrainAreaLLC LLC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionLLC_FD_TH_SF LLC.FD.TH.SF] || Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLMC LMC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_MG LMC.HL.RP.MG] || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Connectivity map of the habenula (PAG -> Raphe, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionLMC_HL_RP_PL LMC.HL.RP.PL] || Raphe Pallidus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Connectivity map of the habenula (PAG -> Raphe, abstract)] || || [BrainAreaLPC LPC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB LPC.HL.AMB] || Ambiguus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLRC LRC] || [BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG] || [BrainRegionLRC_HL_RA LRC.HL.RA] || Retroambigualis Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionLRC_HT_NSC LRC.HT.NSC] || Nucleus Subceruleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || uncertain || (unknown reference) || == Norepinephrine - Vigilant Concentration, Stress Hormone, Fight-or-Flight Response == unavailable || *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || *Quality* || || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || Locus Coeruleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulate the intensity of responses to salient stimuli, arousal and autonomic
activity || || L0 || *Internal Region Connections:* * no connections *External Inbound Region Connections:* || *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaNDM NDM] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || [BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG NDM.NC.AL.VACG] || Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area || neocortex-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM] || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> LC, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST FAM.FT.BNST] || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM LAC.FD.HT.DM] || Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Effect of light on pupil diameter (DMH -> LC)] || || || || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_TBM LAC.FD.HT.TBM] || Tuberomammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaLRC LRC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || [BrainRegionLRC_HL_RF_MED LRC.HL.RF.MED] || Central Medullary Reticular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || uncertain || (unknown reference) || *External Outbound Region Connections:* || *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Role* || *Reference* || || Subcortical || || || || || || || || [BrainAreaFAM FAM] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT FAM.FD.LHB.LT] || Lateral Habenula Lateral Part || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/fig_tab/nrn2849_F7.html Contribution of nAChR subunits to nicotine withdrawal symptoms (LC -> LHB, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/fig_tab/nrn2849_F7.html Contribution of nAChR subunits to nicotine withdrawal symptoms (LC -> LHB, abstract)] || || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB FAM.FD.MHB] || Medial Habenula || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/fig_tab/nrn2849_F7.html Contribution of nAChR subunits to nicotine withdrawal symptoms (LC -> MHB)] || || || || [BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB FAM.FT.SEP.DBB] || Diagonal Band of Broca || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || [BrainAreaFEC FEC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || [BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_MED FEC.FT.SNC.MED] || Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || (unknown reference) || || || || [BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD FEC.HT.TG.IPD] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/fig_tab/nrn2849_F7.html Contribution of nAChR subunits to nicotine withdrawal symptoms (LC -> IPN)] || || [BrainAreaLAC LAC] || [BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC LMC.HT.LC] || [BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO LAC.FD.HT.VLPO] || Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n10/fig_tab/nn913_F1.html Simplified NREM sleep-promoting pathway (LC -> VLPO)] || || || || [BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC LAC.SC.IZ.CSC] || Ciliospinal Center || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Effect of light on pupil diameter (LC -> IML)] || || || || [BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML LAC.SC.IZ.IML] || Intermediolateral Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-NE || uncertain || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (LC -> IML)] || = Thirdparty Circuits = (generated) * [http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg Habenula Connections] - see [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Reference] (CF.HB-CONNECTIONS) CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) DBB=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB] DR=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN] GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) IP=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD] LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus]) LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB Habenula]) LPO=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO] MHb=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB] MR=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC] PB=[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE] S=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP] SNc=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/70852/fnhum-07-00826-HTML/image_m/fnhum-07-00826-g002.jpg Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection] - see [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full Reference] (CF.REM-HB) DBB=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB] DTG=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.DTG] EPN=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF] GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) LHT=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN] LHbL=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT] LHbM=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED] NI=[BrainRegionFAM_HT_TG_NI Incertus Nucleus,FAM.HT.TG.NI] RMTg=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG] Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [BrainCenterHL_RF Medullary Reticular Formation]) SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] VTG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTG] unavailable * [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference] (CM.ONUF) CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) DVM=[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN] IMG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_IMG Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG] IML=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML] LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC] MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) MPOA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO] NBM=[BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM] ONF=[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF] PBN=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB] PEL=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_PPG Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG] PU=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT] PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV] SNC=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT] SPS=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] ZI=[BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI] unavailable * [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/images/nn.3779-F2.jpg Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems] - see [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Reference] (CF.HB-DA5HT) DBB=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB] DRN=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN] GPb=Dorsal Pallidum,FEC.FT.DP (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) IPN=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD] LHA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN] LHbL=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT] LHbM=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED] LPO=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO] LS=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_LT Lateral Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.LT] MHb=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB] MRN=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [BrainCenterHL_RF Medullary Reticular Formation]) MS=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_MED Medial Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.MED] PS=Posterior Septal Group,FAM.FT.SEP.PG (see [BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei]) RMTg=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG] SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VP=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://d2avczb82rh8fa.cloudfront.net/content/jn/107/10/2633/F1.large.jpg Connectivity map of the habenula] - see [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Reference] (CF.HB-CONN) CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) EP=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF] Hippo=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) IPN=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD] L=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB Habenula]) LH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN] M=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB] NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [BrainCenterHL_RF Medullary Reticular Formation]) SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) Septum=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://sni.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/3520/SNI-3-40-g001.png Amygdala and its network] - see [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Reference] (CF.AM-NET) BLN=[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.BP] CEA=Central Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM.CEA (see [BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala]) EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) HTS=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN] ITC=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_IT_TE Inferotemporal Cortex,NSA.NC.IT.TE] LA=Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.LA (see [BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala]) LHB=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB Habenula]) MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus]) MPFC=[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OMPFC] NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] RMTG=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG] STC=[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3 Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3] VGDM=[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/6-HippocampalVTA.jpg Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference] (CT.LONG-TERM-MEMORY-VTA) ACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) CA1=Ventrolateral Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA1 (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) CA3=Dorsomedial Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA3 (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) DG=[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_DG Dentate Gyrus,FMM.FT.HC.DG] EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PPTG=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN] SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f2.jpg Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Reference] (CT.MB-MEMORY) ADTH=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AD Anterodorsal Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AD] AMTH=[BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_AM Anteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.AM] AVTH=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AV Anteroventral Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AV] DTN=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.LDT] LMB=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB Lateral Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.LMB] MMB=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB] MedialEC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) PAS=[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_PAS Parasubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.PAS] POS=[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_POS Postsubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.POS] PRS=[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_PRS Presubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.PRS] SEP=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP] SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) SupraMM=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM Supramammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SUM] TuberoMM=Lateral Tuberal Nuclei,LAC.FD.HT.LTUB (see [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus]) VTN=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://neuropolitics.org/connect-amygdala.jpg Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex] - see [http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp Reference] (CF.AM-DISRUPTION) ACG=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area]) AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) HT.L=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see [BrainCenterFD_HT Hypothalamus]) HT.PV=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV] INS=[BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex,NC.INS] LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC] MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] PB=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB] PUT=[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE] SOL=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL] TH=Thalamus,FD.TH unavailable * [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n10/images/nn913-F1.jpg Simplified NREM sleep-promoting pathway] - see [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n10/fig_tab/nn913_F1.html Reference] (CL.TBM-PO) LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC] LDTg=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.LDT] TMN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_TBM Tuberomammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.TBM] VLPO=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO] unavailable * [http://brmlab.cz/lib/exe/fetch.php?hash=fca48f&media=http%3A%2F%2Fars.els-cdn.com%2Fcontent%2Fimage%2F1-s2.0-S1364661308002490-gr2.jpg Regulation of Social Brain] - see [http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc Reference] (CT.SOCIAL-BRAIN) AMG=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] Caud=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) DACC=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.DACG] DLPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) Hipp=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) IFG=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_IPG Inferior Prefrontal Gyrus,NDM.NC.AL.IPG] LSN=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_LH_LSN Lateral Spinal Nucleus,LAC.SC.LH.LSN] MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PhippG=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) Put=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) SGC=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_AL_SGCG Subgenual Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.AL.SGCG] SN=Substantia Nigra,FEC.FT.SN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VACC=[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] VentPal=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) unavailable * [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f4.jpg Medial mammillary nucleus and theta rhythm] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html Reference] (CT.MMB-THETA) AVTH=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AV Anteroventral Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AV] HF=[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation,FMM.FT.HF] MMB=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB] RSP=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_RSC Retrosplenial Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.RSC] SEP=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP] SupraMM=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM Supramammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SUM] VTN=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://img.springerimages.com/Images/Springer/PUB=Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg/JOU=00359/VOL=2005.191/ISU=3/ART=2004_565/MediaObjects/WATER_s00359-004-0565-9fhc1.jpg Oculomotor decision-making] - see [http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 Reference] (CP.OCULOMOTOR-DECISION-MAKING) AMYG=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] CGa=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area]) CGp=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG] Caudate=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) FEF=Frontal Eye Field,NMA.NC.PMC.FEF (see [BrainCenterNC_PMC Premotor Cortex]) LIP=[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPS_LIP Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP] NAC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]) SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) SEF=[BrainRegionNPE_NC_SMC_SEF Supplementary Eye Field,NPE.NC.SMC.SEF] SNc=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT] SNr=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL] Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/images/nrendo.2010.93-f1.jpg Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Reference] (CP.BOWELS) AMY=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] ARC=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR] DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) LHA=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN] ME=[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE] NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) NTS=[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL] OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PBN=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB] PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV] VMN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM] VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/file/view/Reward_circuit.jpg/315908202/Reward_circuit.jpg Reward circuit of human brain] - see [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reference] (CF.REWARD-CIRCUIT) AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/8-Urges9proof.jpg Craving] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference] (CF.CRAVING) NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) OMPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) SNr=[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_MED Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial,FEC.FT.SNR.MED] VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) VTA=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA] unavailable * [http://jp.physoc.org/content/557/1/287/F9.large.jpg Schematic overview of spinobulbospinal micturition reflex pathway] - see [http://jp.physoc.org/content/557/1/287/F9.expansion.html Reference] (CM.BARRINGTON) BAR=[BrainRegionLAC_HT_BR Barrington's Nucleus,LAC.HT.BR] IMG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_IMG Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG] IML=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML] ONF=[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF] PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] PEL=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_PPG Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG] SPS=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS] unavailable * [http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/4/1589/F9.medium.gif Spine induction on short primary dendrites in the ventrolateral VMH] - see [http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/4/1589/F9.expansion Reference] (CL.VMH-PAG) PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] VMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM] unavailable * [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n7/images/nrn3516-f2.jpg Afferent pain pathways] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n7/fig_tab/nrn3516_F2.html Reference] (CF.PAIN-PATH) ACC=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area]) AMY=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] BG=[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG] Cerebellum=[BrainCenterLLC_HT_CRC Cerebellar Complex,LLC.HT.CRC] Insula=[BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex,NC.INS] PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] PB=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB] PFC=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC S1=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S1 Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1] S2=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S2 Secondary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S2] SC=[BrainCenterBMA_SC_PH Posterior/Dorsal Horn,BMA.SC.PH] Thalamus=[BrainCenterFD_TH_SR Sensory Thalamus,FD.TH.SR] unavailable * [http://www.springerimages.com/img/Images/Springer/JOU=10194/VOL=2006.7/ISU=4/ART=2006_307/MediaObjects/MEDIUM_10194_2006_Article_307_Fig1.jpg Pain matrix] - see [http://www.springerimages.com/Images/MedicineAndPublicHealth/1-10.1007_s10194-006-0307-1-0 Reference] (CF.PAIN-MATRIX) ACC=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [BrainCenterNC_ACG Anterior Cingulate Area]) AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] INS=[BrainCenterNC_INS Insular Cortex,NC.INS] PAG=[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG] PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) PPC=[BrainCenterNC_SPL Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL] S1=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S1 Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1] SMA=[BrainCenterNMA_NC_SMC Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC] TH=Thalamus,FD.TH unavailable * [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0387760401003308-gr2.jpg Geniculate and Extyrageniculate Paths] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 Reference] (CP.GENICULATE-PATHS) LGN=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN] PPN=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN] RF=[BrainCenterHT_RF Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF] Retina=[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT] SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [BrainCenterMM_REF Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]) VC=[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC] unavailable * [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/revneuro.2014.25.issue-4/revneuro-2014-0004/graphic/revneuro-2014-0004_fig1.jpg Serotonin regulation of subthalamic neurons] - see [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/revneuro.2014.25.issue-4/revneuro-2014-0004/revneuro-2014-0004.xml Reference] (CM.SUBTHALAMUS) CTX=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) PPN=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN] SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata,FEC.FT.SNR (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA Subthalamus Area]) unavailable * [http://www.endurance-education.com/home/aragorn/www/endurance/htdocs/wp-content/uploads/Stephenson-Jones-2012-Fig-9-1024x489.png Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey] - see [http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs Reference] (CM.SN-PPN) GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) PPN=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN] SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata,FEC.FT.SNR (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see [BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA Subthalamus Area]) unavailable * [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/brain/HF.jpg Hippocampal Formation] - see [article:2009-Hippocampus-Thesis.pdf Reference] (CT.HIPPOCAMPAL-FORMATION) ATN=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see [BrainCenterFD_TH_CR Cognitive Thalamus]) CA1=Ventrolateral Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA1 (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) CA3=Dorsomedial Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA3 (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) DG=[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_DG Dentate Gyrus,FMM.FT.HC.DG] DTN=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.LDT] EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) LDN=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_LD Lateral Dorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FMM.FD.TH.LD] LMam=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB Lateral Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.LMB] PoS=[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_POS Postsubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.POS] Rsp=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_RSC Retrosplenial Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.RSC] Sub=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) unavailable * [http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/6/63/Taube_Figure_5a.png Head Direction Cell Circuit] - see [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells Reference] (CT.HEAD-DIRECTION) AD=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AD Anterodorsal Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AD] DTN=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.DTG] EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) IPD=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD] LD=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_LD Lateral Dorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FMM.FD.TH.LD] LHAB=[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB Habenula,FAM.FD.HB] LMB=[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB Lateral Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.LMB] MVSN=[BrainRegionLPC_HT_MVBN Medial Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.MVBN] NPRP=[BrainRegionLRC_HL_NPH Prepositus Nucleus,LRC.HL.NPH] PC=Parietal Lobe,NC.LOBE.PAR PRHC=[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_POR Postrhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.POR] PSUB=[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_POS Postsubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.POS] RSP=[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_RSC Retrosplenial Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.RSC] SUPGEN=[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_SG Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus,NSA.FD.TH.SG] VC=[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC] unavailable * [http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/31465/fnint-06-00094-r2/image_m/fnint-06-00094-g002.jpg Effect of light on pupil diameter] - see [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full Reference] (CP.PUPIL-REFLEX) DMH=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.DM] EW=[BrainRegionLAC_MM_EWN Edinger-Westphal Nucleus,LAC.MM.EWN] EYE=[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE] GC=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_CLG Ciliary Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.CLG] IML=[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center,LAC.SC.IZ.CSC] LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC] OPN=[BrainRegionLRC_MM_PT_PON Pretectal Olivary Nucleus,LRC.MM.PT.PON] PVN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV] RET=[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT] SCG=[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.SCG] SCN=[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN] unavailable * [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/images/nrn2849-f7.jpg Contribution of nAChR subunits to nicotine withdrawal symptoms] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/fig_tab/nrn2849_F7.html Reference] (CF.HB-NICOTINE) IPN=[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD] LC=[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC] LHB=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB Habenula]) MHB=[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB] unavailable * [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/human/22-reticular-formation-and-limbic-system/F22-2.png Basal Nucleus of Meynert] - see [article:Biological/2005-The-Human-Nervous-System.pdf Reference] (CF.MEYNERT) AM=[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM] BMN=[BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM] CA1=Ventrolateral Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA1 (see [BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF Hippocampal Formation]) EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH Rhinal Cortex]) PRR=[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_PER Perirhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.PER] unavailable * [http://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/250_Affective%20basal%20ganglia%20circuit.png Affective basal ganglia circuit] - see [http://www.expertsmind.com/topic/emotion/affective-basal-ganglia-circuit-93570.aspx Reference] (CF.AFFECTIVE-BG) NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG Basal Ganglia]) OMPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]) nBM=[BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM] unavailable = References = (generated) * http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula * http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full * http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders * http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html * http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 * http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin * http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html * http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html * http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp * http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n10/fig_tab/nn913_F1.html * http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc * http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html * http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 * http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html * http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity * http://jp.physoc.org/content/557/1/287/F9.expansion.html * http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/4/1589/F9.expansion * http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n7/fig_tab/nrn3516_F2.html * http://www.springerimages.com/Images/MedicineAndPublicHealth/1-10.1007_s10194-006-0307-1-0 * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0387760401003308 * http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/revneuro.2014.25.issue-4/revneuro-2014-0004/revneuro-2014-0004.xml * http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs * article:2009-Hippocampus-Thesis.pdf * http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells * http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnint.2012.00094/full * http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/fig_tab/nrn2849_F7.html * article:Biological/2005-The-Human-Nervous-System.pdf * http://www.expertsmind.com/topic/emotion/affective-basal-ganglia-circuit-93570.aspx