#summary Biological Hierarchy Reduced [Home] -> [BiologicalLifeResearch] -> [BiologicalHierarchyReduced] ---- This page is reduction of [BiologicalHierarchyFull Full Biological Hierarchy] for the purpose of modeling in aHuman. == Biological Reduction Rationale == * reduction hierarchy contains only functions copied to aHuman * visual brain functions are regarded as generic sensory approach * motor is replaced by effector, movement is action * body remained as term, but its nature is completely different for aHuman * task performed for the mind is the same - default reward system and mandatory part for any action * hence somatosensory brain elements remained predefined mandatory sensor, body feeling. * single hemisphere is assumed to be enough * blood and heart are regarded as regulatory functions, controlling resources spent by brain * thalamic area is primarily considered as relay, and to simplify picture, some direct ways, e.g. ACA to HCA are treated as passing via THA * limbic lobe was split into parts allocated to other modules, because parts of limbic system seem to me quite different while having strong connections to specific parts * anterior cingulate cortex has strong bidirectional connections with anterior cortex and allocated to ACA, posterior cingulate - to PCA as well * secondary role of thalamic area is spreading of modulatory activity (sleep-awake cycle, hormones, neurotransmitters and others), and because of that septal nuclei allocated to THA * hippocampus is strong aligned with memory formation functions of temporal lobe - enthorinal and perirhinal cortices and eventually allocated to HCA * fornix is hippocampus communication facility and that's why allocated also to HCA * basal ganglia is rational primitive motor system and needs to be separate module because it is one of major non-cortical functions * amygdala is allocated to BGA because generating movements by emotional, but not rational signals == Biological Brain Hierarchy Reduction == * neocortex * frontal lobe * *prefrontal cortex* (personality, judgement, complex planning, inhibition, morality) * *orbitofrontal cortex* (involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision-making and expectation) * *premotor cortex* (patterned effector actions and planning) * *primary motor cortex* (individual actions) * *frontal eye fields* (control specific sensor) * parietal lobe * *primary somatosensory cortex* (anterior, basic sensations of the body) * *superior parietal lobule* (posterior, body sensations relationships, locating objects in space) * *inferior parietal lobule* (posterior, semantics, involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology) * *intraparietal sulcus* (posterior, essential in guidance of limb and eye movement) * *general interpretation area* (opinions) * occipital lobe * *primary visual cortex* (simple specific sensor spatial primitives) * *visual associations* (intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns) * *fusiform gyris* (object representation from specific sensor) * temporal lobe * *insula* (habits, visceral sensations) * *parahippocampal gyrus* (formation of spatial memory, encoding and recognition of scenes) * anterior parahippocampal gyrus * *perirhinal cortex* (specific sensor perception and memory, facilitates recognition and identification of environmental stimuli) * *entorhinal cortex* (hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation, autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep) * *posterior parahippocampal gyrus* (spatial declarative memory) * limbic system * *cingulate cortex* (life resources consumption control, cognitive and attentional processing) * *anterior cingulate cortex* (error and conflict detection processes) * *posterior cingulate cortex* (episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting) * [bioAmygdala amygdala] (signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli) * *septal nuclei* (controller of theta rhythm, major source of projections to hippocampus) * *hippocampus* (detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding) * *dentate gyrus* (formation of memories, distinguishing multiple instances of similar events or multiple visits to the same location, stress and depression) * *subiculum* (spatial relations, working memory) * *fornix* (carries signals from the hippocampus) * [bioBasalGanglia basal ganglia] (primitive effectors system) * *striatum* (planning and modulation of actions) * *caudate nucleus* (part of the learning and memory system) * *putamen* (regulate actions and influence various types of learning) * *nucleus accumbens* (reward, pleasure, addiction, fear) * *nucleus accumbens core* (acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy) * *nucleus accumbens shell* (mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli) * *pallidum* (reward and incentive motivation) * *globus pallidus externa* (main regulator of the basal ganglia system) * *substantia nigra* (reward, addiction, and actions) * *subthalamic nucleus* (action selection) * diencephalon (relay system between sensory input neurons and other parts of the brain) * [bioThalamus thalamus] (relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness) * *specific relay nuclei* (project to/from specific functional area of neocortex) * *lateral geniculate body* (specific sensor -> specific sensor cortex area) * ventral posterior nucleus * *ventral posterior lateral nucleus* (body sensations -> primary somesthetic area) * *ventral lateral/anterior nucleus* (effector control feedback from cerebellum and striatum -> primary effector cortex) * *association nuclei* (project to association areas) * *anterior nucleus* (mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus) * *medial nucleus* (somatic sensory input from hypothalamus, amygdala -> prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum) * *lateral nucleus* (hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus) * *posterior group nuclei* (pain from spinothalamic tract and 5th cranial nerve -> insula) * *pulvinar nuclei* (reciprocal connections with association areas) * non-specific nuclei * *intralaminar nuclei* (basal ganglia, reticular formation -> all parts of neocortex, effector control system, perceptions of various modalities) * *reticular nuclei* (from all fibers leaving and entering the thalamus -> all thalamic nuclei, cortical regulation of the thalamic activity) * *hypothalamus* (modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle) * *mammillary body* (relay from the amygdala and hippocampus to thalamus) * *median eminence* (stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary) * *brain stem* (main sensory innervation) * *medulla oblongata* (autonomic, involuntary functions, relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord) * midbrain * tectum * *superior colliculus* (preliminary specific sensor processing and control of specific sensor) * cerebral peduncle * *midbrain tegmentum* (involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways) * *crus cerebri* (contains effector tracts) * *substantia nigra* (sensor control, effector planning, reward seeking, learning, and addiction) * *pons* (relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions) * cranial nerves * 2 - *optic nerve* (transmits specific sensor information to the brain) * 3 - *oculomotor nerve* (perform most sensor control) * 4 - *trochlear nerve* (perform certain sensor control) * 6 - *abducens nerve* (perform certain sensor control) * *cerebellum* (complex actions, sequential thinking, attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing) * peduncles * *inferior cerebellar peduncle* (to/from medulla/spinal cord) * *middle cerebellar peduncle* (from pons) * *superior cerebellar peduncle* (to midbrain) * *arbor vitae* (brings sensory/motor information to/from cerebellum) * *spinocerebellum* (control actions power and coordination of multiple actions, cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions) * *cerebrocerebellum* (participates in planning actions, sensory/prefrontal -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> motor cortex -> effectors * *choroid plexus* (inhibits neuronal maturation) * spinal cord * *anterolateral system* (body feeling pathway) * *corticospinal tract* (effector pathway for upper effector neuronal signals coming from the cerebral cortex/basal ganglia) * *lateral corticospinal tract* (distal effector actions) * *anterior cortical spinal tract* (affect general body state) * *ventral spinocerebellar tract* (proprioceptive information travels up the spinal cord) * *dorsal spinocerebellar tract* (conveys inconscient proprioceptive information)